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- gz format input of a stdarg argument listreaddir readdir 3 readdir 2 readdir 3paccess access 2 access 3pinwstr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get a string of wchar_t characters from a curses windowkey_name- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz miscellaneous curses utility routinesssl_select_next_protoSSL_select_next_proto 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz handle application layer protocol negotiation (ALPN)xrmstringtoquarkXrmStringToQuark 3 3 1710950786 B - t gz manipulate resource quarksxcb_randr_destroy_mode- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_dri2_buffer_swap_complete_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz getutxid 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz access utmp file entriesbio_get_read_requestBIO_get_read_request 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz BIO pair BIOselinux_removable_context_path- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz These functions return the paths to the active SELinux policy configuration directories and filesobjcmdwriteObjCmdWrite 3 3 922862262 A - - gz Writing C language extensions to Tcl.remquol 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz remainder functionsshmget 2- 2 2 1402354206 A - - gz allocates a System V shared memory segmentpkcs7- 1ssl 1 1699892201 A - - gz PKCS#7 utilityxcb_render_create_radial_gradient- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz menu_requestname- 3x 3 1720626759 A - - gz handle printable menu request namescimagl 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz complex imaginary functionsxml::libxml::piXML::LibXML::PI 3pm 3 1402352994 A - - gz XML::LibXML Processing Instructionsdigest::baseDigest::base 3pm 3 1402391631 A - - gz Digest base classecho 3x- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses input optionsprocmail- 1 1 1511905870 A - - gz autonomous mail processoratanh 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz inverse hyperbolic tangent functionsfloorl floorl 3 floorl 3pdbi::gofer::transport::pipeoneDBI::Gofer::Transport::pipeone 3pm 3 1402362412 A - - gz DBD::Gofer server-side transport for pipeonelogbf logbf 3 logbf 3pitem_term- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz set hooks for automatic invocation by applicationsxtremoveraweventhandlerXtRemoveRawEventHandler 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz add and remove event handlerstext::unidecodeText::Unidecode 3pm 3 1402360870 A - - gz - US-ASCII transliterations of Unicode textposix_trace_close- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - t gz trace log management (TRACING)xcb_list_properties_atoms_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz setcontext 2- 2 2 1402354205 B - - gz get or set the user contextgethostbyaddr_r- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz get network host entrypam.d- 5 5 1585713595 B - - gz PAM configuration filesevp_cleanupEVP_cleanup 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz add algorithms to internal tabletar 5- 5 5 1580221477 A - - gz format of tape archive filesxcb_input_set_device_mode- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz time::secondsTime::Seconds 3pm 3 1698237678 A - - gz a simple API to convert seconds to other date valuesinet_ntop 3- 3 3 1402354210 A - - gz convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from binary to text formxkbchangecontrolsXkbChangeControls 3 3 1710950785 A - t gz Provides a flexible method for updating the controls in a server to match those in the changed keyboard descriptionsystemd-nspawn- 1 1 1711457787 A - t gz Spawn a namespace container for debugging, testing and buildingsigevent- 7 7 1402354220 A - - gz structure for notification from asynchronous routinesbn_zeroBN_zero 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz BIGNUM assignment operationsconcat- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Join lists togetherarchive::tar::fileArchive::Tar::File 3pm 3 1565315036 A - - gz a subclass for in-memory extracted file from Archive::Tarxcb_glx_render_mode_data_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_setwideintobjTcl_SetWideIntObj 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz manipulate Tcl objects as integer valuespthread_setschedprio pthread_setschedprio 3 pthread_setschedprio 3pxcb_x_print_print_get_attributes_attributes_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xml::sax::introXML::SAX::Intro 3pm 3 1402345097 A - - gz An Introduction to SAX Parsing with Perlttk::panedwindow- n n 1448008912 A - - gz Multi-pane container windowsiginterrupt siginterrupt 3 siginterrupt 3pxfetchbufferXFetchBuffer 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz manipulate cut and paste buffersxcb_randr_set_crtc_transform- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz datetime::locale::mk_mkDateTime::Locale::mk_MK 3pm 3 1402390635 A - - gz boolnames- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses terminfo global variableseuca-create-network-acl- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Create a new VPC network ACLstdint.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz integer typesxcb_randr_notify_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz mbrtowc 3- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz convert a multibyte sequence to a wide characterreposync- 1 1 1589300860 A - - gz synchronize yum repositories to a local directorydd 1p- 1p 1p 1402354203 A - - gz convert and copy a filefdatasync 2- 2 2 1402354204 B - - gz synchronize a file's in-core state with storage deviceipcmk- 1 1 1612283497 A - - gz create various ipc resourcesxmbufcreatebuffersXmbufCreateBuffers 3 3 1448003986 B - - gz X multibuffering functionstest Test 3pm test 1p test 1xcb_randr_set_crtc_config- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz sftp-server- 8 8 1707907012 A - - gz SFTP server subsystemxcb_randr_get_output_property- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcmsconvertcolorsXcmsConvertColors 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz convert CCC color specificationsqhold- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - - gz hold batch jobswechochar- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz add a character (with attributes) to a curses window, then advance the cursorlh_node_usage_stats- 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz LHASH statisticsxdr_setpos- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for external data representationgit-receive-pack- 1 1 1722330781 A - - gz Receive what is pushed into the repositoryk5login- 5 5 1726771586 A - - gz Kerberos V5 acl file for host accesslrepeat- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Build a list by repeating elementstermios.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - t gz define values for termiosprintf 1- 1 1 1605565487 A - - gz format and print datasetpriority setpriority 2 setpriority 3p 7tcl_deletecommandfromtokenTcl_DeleteCommandFromToken 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz implement new commands in Cec_point_set_affine_coordinates_gfpEC_POINT_set_affine_coordinates_GFp 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for creating, destroying and manipulating EC_POINT objects.tcl_setassocdataTcl_SetAssocData 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz manage associations of string keys and user specified data with Tcl interpretersxcb_dri2_connect_driver_name_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_input_set_device_valuators_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz wctype.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz wide-character classification and mapping utilitiesiswpunct 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz test for a punctuation wide-character codetowupper 3- 3 3 1402354213 A - - gz convert a wide character to uppercaseeuca-describe-volumes- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Display information about volumesxsetcommandXSetCommand 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz set or read a window's WM_COMMAND propertymkdir 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz make a directoryfield_fore- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz color and attribute control for form fieldsgit-peek-remote- 1 1 1722330783 A - - gz List the references in a remote repositoryabort 3- 3 3 1402354207 A - - gz cause abnormal process terminationxtchangemanagedsetXtChangeManagedSet 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz manage and unmanage childrenlocale::codes::langvarLocale::Codes::LangVar 3pm 3 1402383323 A - - gz standard codes for language variation identificationconfig_data- 1 1 1402373049 A - - gz Query or change configuration of Perl modulesSELinux 8- 8 8 1585710994 C selinux - gz systemd-tmpfiles- 8 8 1711457788 A - - gz Creates, deletes and cleans up volatile and temporary files and directoriesxcb_xevie_send_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xdr_short- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for external data representationcurs_terminfo- 3x 3 1715932338 A - - gz curses interfaces to terminfo databasefccharsetaddcharFcCharSetAddChar 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Add a character to a charsetxcb_xvmc_create_subpicture- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz MD4 3ssl- 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz MD2, MD4, and MD5 hash functionscms_get0_econtenttypeCMS_get0_eContentType 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz get and set CMS content types and contenteuare-usergetloginprofile- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Verify that a user has a passwordopen 1- 1 1 1638560024 B - - gz start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT).srandom 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz pseudo-random number functionsif_nameindex 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz return all network interface names and indexessched_yield sched_yield 2 sched_yield 3pcracklib-check- 8 8 1337469855 A - - gz Check passwords using libcrack2fgets 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz get a string from a streamx509_name_print_ex_fpX509_NAME_print_ex_fp 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz X509_NAME printing routines.pthread_getconcurrency pthread_getconcurrency 3 pthread_getconcurrency 3pxtdatabaseXtDatabase 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz initialize, open, or close a displaycbrtf 3- 3 3 1402354207 B - - gz cube root functionupdatedb- 8 8 1523418406 A - - gz update a database for mlocatepod::text::overstrikePod::Text::Overstrike 3pm 3 1402343774 A - - gz Convert POD data to formatted overstrike textgstack- 1 1 1605296016 A - - gz print a stack trace of a running processpthread_spin_init- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz destroy or initialize a spin lock object (ADVANCED REALTIME THREADS)file::slurpFile::Slurp 3pm 3 1402392530 A - - gz Simple and Efficient Reading/Writing/Modifying of Complete Filesislower islower 3 islower 3plog::message::configLog::Message::Config 3pm 3 1402343798 A - - gz Configuration options for Log::Messagefd_isset FD_ISSET 3 FD_ISSET 2 FD_ISSET 3plocale 3pm- 3pm 3 1698237678 A - - gz Perl pragma to use or avoid POSIX locales for built-in operationsdatetime::locale::nds_deDateTime::Locale::nds_DE 3pm 3 1402390638 A - - gz dsa_printDSA_print 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz print cryptographic parametersxcb_glx_read_pixels_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz simple- 8 8 1601484048 C tc-simple - gz xcb_render_create_linear_gradient- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz mailaddr- 7 7 1402354220 A - - gz mail addressing descriptionputwchar putwchar 3 putwchar 3pkeypad- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses input optionspthread_mutexattr_setrobust- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz get and set the mutex robust attributeinitstate 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz random number generatormq_open 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz open a message queue (REALTIME)xcb_selinux_get_property_context_context- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz nfs4_set_debug- 3 3 1523419630 C nfs4_uid_to_name - gz llabs 3- 3 3 1402354207 A - - gz compute the absolute value of an integertcl_resetresultTcl_ResetResult 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz manipulate Tcl resultxcb_glx_get_doublev_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_get_keyboard_mapping_keysyms- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xdr_accepted_reply- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for remote procedure callsdoveadm-deduplicate- 1 1 1724195936 A - - gz expunge duplicate messagesip-l2tp- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz L2TPv3 static unmanaged tunnel configurationfminl 3- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz determine minimum of two floating-point numbersisspace 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz test for a white-space characterposix_spawnattr_getpgroup- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz get and set the spawn-pgroup attribute of a spawn attributes object (ADVANCED REALTIME)ssl_set_cert_cbSSL_set_cert_cb 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz handle certificate callback functionxdr_getpos- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for external data representationeuca-delete-vpc- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Delete a VPCflex- 1 1 1573511011 A - - gz the fast lexical analyser generatorpatch 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - - gz apply changes to filestgoto- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz direct curses interface to the terminfo capability databasedoveadm-purge- 1 1 1724195936 A - - gz Remove messages with refcount=0 from mdbox filesxtremovetimeoutXtRemoveTimeOut 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz register and remove timeoutsatanl atanl 3 atanl 3ptcftest- 1 1 1402385697 A - - gz test cases of the fixed-length database APIlogger 1- 1 1 1612283497 A - t gz a shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log moduleremque 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz insert or remove an element in a queuestringprep_ucs4_nfkc_normalize- 3 3 1448125246 A - - gz API functionmysql_plugin- 1 1 1697025034 A - - gz configure MySQL server pluginsxcmsquerycolorXcmsQueryColor 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz obtain color valuesfsck.msdos- 8 8 1573511351 B - - gz check and repair MS-DOS filesystemsdbi::gofer::transport::baseDBI::Gofer::Transport::Base 3pm 3 1402362411 A - - gz Base class for Gofer transportsxcb_xv_query_image_attributes_pitches_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fabs fabs 3 fabs 3pgit-gc- 1 1 1722330781 A - - gz Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repositoryexpl 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 B - - gz exponential functiontcl_channelthreadactionprocTcl_ChannelThreadActionProc 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz procedures for creating and manipulating channelsxcb_randr_select_input_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz test::harnessTest::Harness 3pm 3 1439389327 A - - gz Run Perl standard test scripts with statisticsxcb_glx_gen_textures_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz ssl_get_cipher_listSSL_get_cipher_list 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz get list of available SSL_CIPHERssigignore 3- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz System V signal APIcomm comm 1p comm 1xcb_dri3_query_version_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz raw_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensiondatetime::locale::aa_djDateTime::Locale::aa_DJ 3pm 3 1402390643 A - - gz fcutf8toucs4FcUtf8ToUcs4 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz convert UTF-8 to UCS4fgets 3- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz input of characters and stringspthread_tryjoin_np- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz try to join with a terminated threadxcb_create_notify_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz htbHTB 8 8 1601484048 C tc-htb - gz ssl_comp_add_compression_methodSSL_COMP_add_compression_method 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz handle SSL/TLS integrated compression methodssetjmp setjmp 3 setjmp 3plvm2-activation-generator- 8 8 1619616701 A - - gz generator for systemd units to activate LVM2 volumes on bootpam_mkhomedir- 8 8 1585713590 A - - gz PAM module to create users home directorydumpe2fs- 8 8 1711459141 A - - gz dump ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem informationxcb_render_triangles- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xsettsoriginXSetTSOrigin 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz GC convenience routinescurses::ui::dialog::calendarCurses::UI::Dialog::Calendar 3pm 3 1454728582 A - - gz Create and manipulate calendar dialogsxcb_dri2_swap_buffers- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_glx_is_enabled- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz safebaseSafeBase n n 1448008823 A - - gz datetime::locale::en_sgDateTime::Locale::en_SG 3pm 3 1402390635 A - - gz ssl_ctx_use_certificate_chain_fileSSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - 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- gz PAM module to check the password against dictionary wordspure-pwconvert- 8 8 1730292103 A - - gz Generate a virtual users file from system accountsabrt-python.conf- 5 5 1601569733 A - - gz Configuration file for ABRT's python crash hooksecurity_get_boolean_pending- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz routines for manipulating SELinux boolean valuesxcb_xkb_get_indicator_map_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz datetime::locale::walDateTime::Locale::wal 3pm 3 1402390640 A - - gz xcb_xfixes_change_cursor_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_map_request_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz window wants to be mappedxcb_shape_get_rectangles_rectangles- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_dri3_get_supported_modifiers_window_modifiers- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_glx_get_convolution_parameterfv_data- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz pathchk pathchk 1p pathchk 1fc-query- 1 1 1519011781 A - - gz query font filesxkbcomputeshapeboundsXkbComputeShapeBounds 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Updates the bounding box of a shape Pstrncasecmp 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - 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- gz manipulate Tcl variablesps ps 1p ps 1x509_freeX509_free 3ssl 3 1699892214 A - - gz X509 certificate ASN1 allocation functionsset_fieldtype_arg- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz define validation-field typesextutils::mksymlistsExtUtils::Mksymlists 3pm 3 1402365499 A - - gz write linker options files for dynamic extensionlwres_gethostent_r- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz lightweight resolver get network host entryui_opensslUI_OpenSSL 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz New User InterfacexrmsetdatabaseXrmSetDatabase 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz retrieve and store resource databasesxcb_shm_create_segment_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz posix_trace_attr_getname- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz retrieve and set information about a trace stream (TRACING)tcl_utftoexternalTcl_UtfToExternal 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz procedures for creating and using encodingsxcb_input_xi_query_device_infos_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz setitimer 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz get and set value of interval timerbio_set_callback_argBIO_set_callback_arg 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz BIO callback functionsremainder 3- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz floating-point remainder functionfwide 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz set stream orientationeuform-create-stack- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Create a new stackoptopt optopt 3 optopt 3pioctl ioctl 2 ioctl 3pctermid 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz generate a pathname for the controlling terminalxcb_x_print_print_get_image_resolution_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_xkb_use_extension_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xmodifierkeymapXModifierKeymap 3 3 1710950785 B - - gz manipulate keyboard encoding and keyboard encoding structureiswalpha 3- 3 3 1402354210 A - - gz test for alphabetic wide characterpackage::deprecationmanagerPackage::DeprecationManager 3pm 3 1402350481 A - - gz Manage deprecation warnings for your distributionio::socketIO::Socket 3pm 3 1698237674 A - - gz Object interface to socket communicationspam_get_authtok_noverify- 3 3 1585713595 B - - gz get authentication tokenxcb_input_xi_get_selected_events_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xequalregionXEqualRegion 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz determine if regions are empty or equalisprint 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz character classification routinesmincore- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz determine whether pages are resident in memorymbstowcs mbstowcs 3 mbstowcs 3psched_getscheduler sched_getscheduler 2 sched_getscheduler 3pclnt_geterr- 3 3 1402354208 B - - gz library routines for remote procedure callsxfs_estimate- 8 8 1601488312 A - - gz estimate the space that an XFS filesystem will takessl_ctx_set_alpn_protosSSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz handle application layer protocol negotiation (ALPN)tcl_getensemblesubcommandlistTcl_GetEnsembleSubcommandList 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz manipulate ensemble commandsl64a 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz convert between a 32-bit integer and a radix-64 ASCII stringsendmsg sendmsg 2 sendmsg 3psetsockcreatecon- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz get or set the SELinux security context used for creating a new labeled socketserrno.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz system error numbersxrestackwindowsXRestackWindows 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz change window stacking orderpolice- 8 8 1601484048 C tc-police - gz evp_cipher_ctx_nidEVP_CIPHER_CTX_nid 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinesiso_8859_4- 7 7 1402354220 B - t gz ISO 8859-4 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimalpthread_cond_wait- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz wait on a conditionvmcore-dmesg- 8 8 1623254998 A - - gz This is just a placeholder until real man page has been writtenform_userptr- 3x 3 1720626759 A - - gz associate application data with a form itemxkbgetindicatorstateXkbGetIndicatorState 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Obtains the current state of the keyboard indicatorswbkgdset- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses window background manipulation routinesxml::libxml::readerXML::LibXML::Reader 3pm 3 1402352993 A - - gz XML::LibXML::Reader - interface to libxml2 pull parserxcb_get_atom_name_name_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xdr_double- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for external data representationcacoshf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz complex arc hyperbolic cosine functionssqrt 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz square root functionaccessdb- 8 8 1540931193 A - - gz dumps the content of a man-db database in a human readable formattcl_recordandevalTcl_RecordAndEval 3 3 1448008822 A - - gz save command on history list before evaluatinghas_key- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get (or push back) characters from curses terminal keyboardpunycode_encode- 3 3 1448125246 A - - gz API functionxdr_authunix_parms- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for remote procedure callssleep sleep 3 sleep 1p sleep 1 sleep 3ppasswd 1- 1 1 1585713436 A - - gz update user's authentication tokensshowconsolefont- 8 8 1637771557 A - - gz Show the current EGA/VGA console screen fonttcl_fsdeletefileTcl_FSDeleteFile 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystempkg_mkindexpkg_mkIndex n n 1448008823 A - - gz Build an index for automatic loading of packagestcl_fsgetcwdTcl_FSGetCwd 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystemxcb_alloc_named_color_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_randr_get_providers_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz modify_ldt- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz get or set ldtfstrim- 8 8 1612283497 A - - gz discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystemevp_pkey_set1_dhEVP_PKEY_set1_DH 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP_PKEY assignment functions.fcstrcmpignorecaseFcStrCmpIgnoreCase 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz compare UTF-8 strings ignoring casetac- 1 1 1605565487 A - - gz concatenate and print files in reversexml::libxml::relaxngXML::LibXML::RelaxNG 3pm 3 1402352994 A - - gz RelaxNG Schema Validationssl_ctx_set1_chainSSL_CTX_set1_chain 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz extra chain certificate processingxcb_xkb_get_compat_map_group_rtrn- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz logbl logbl 3 logbl 3pxcb_xfixes_cursor_notify_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_selinux_get_property_use_context- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz bn_value_oneBN_value_one 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz BIGNUM assignment operationssetcontext setcontext 3 setcontext 2 setcontext 3pdate::languageDate::Language 3pm 3 1402364546 A - 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- gz transliterate uppercase characters to lowercaselibnss_myhostname.so.2- 8 8 1711457788 B - - gz Provide hostname resolution for the locally configured system hostname.clock clock 8 clock 3 clock n clock 3pif_freenameindex if_freenameindex 3 if_freenameindex 3pproc n- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Create a Tcl procedureresize-part-image- 1 1 1410347192 A - - gz resize a partition imageeuca-replace-route- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Replace a route in a VPC route tablecasinhf casinhf 3 casinhf 3plp 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - - gz send files to a printerxtsetmappedwhenmanagedXtSetMappedWhenManaged 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz map and unmap widgetsxtappgeterrordatabaseXtAppGetErrorDatabase 3 3 1501646833 A - - gz obtain error databasereturn return n return 1p return 1nearbyintl 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz round to nearest integerssl_session_set_timeoutSSL_SESSION_set_timeout 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz retrieve and manipulate session time and timeout settingsxcb_xinerama_query_screens_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - 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- gz create and destroy menu itemshas_il- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses environment query routinesbn_get_wordBN_get_word 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz BIGNUM assignment operationsuuid_time- 3 3 1612283497 A - - gz extract the time at which the UUID was createdxcb_set_modifier_mapping_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_glx_get_tex_parameterfv_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz mountpoint- 1 1 1612283497 A - - gz see if a directory is a mountpointgit-parse-remote- 1 1 1722330780 A - - gz Routines to help parsing remote repository access parametersperlhist- 1 1 1698237666 A - - gz the Perl history recordsfile::globFile::Glob 3pm 3 1698237673 A - - gz Perl extension for BSD glob routineungetch- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get (or push back) characters from curses terminal keyboardparams::checkParams::Check 3pm 3 1583449669 A - - - A generic input parsing/checking mechanism.acosf acosf 3 acosf 3pstrstr strstr 3 strstr 3pxcb_input_change_pointer_device_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz evp_md_ctx_copy_exEVP_MD_CTX_copy_ex 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP digest routinessetpgrp setpgrp 2 setpgrp 3pxsetsubwindowmodeXSetSubwindowMode 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz GC convenience routinessavetty_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensionxcb_glx_flush- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz ipc ipc 2 ipc 5systemd-analyze- 1 1 1711457787 A - - gz Analyze system boot-up performancespu_run- 2 2 1402354206 A - - gz execute an SPU contextgit-name-rev- 1 1 1722330784 A - - gz Find symbolic names for given revslwres_buffer_getuint16- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz lightweight resolver buffer managementeuca-get-console-output- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Retrieve console output for the specified instancexcb_change_save_set_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz Changes a client's save setwscanf- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - - gz convert formatted wide-character inputsetbuf setbuf 3 setbuf 3pps2pdf12- 1 1 1605296035 B - - gz Convert PostScript to PDF 1.2 (Acrobat 3-and-later compatible) using ghostscriptevp_cipher_ctx_flagsEVP_CIPHER_CTX_flags 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinesxpointinregionXPointInRegion 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz determine if regions are empty or equalatexit atexit 3 atexit 3pssl_get_max_cert_listSSL_get_max_cert_list 3ssl 3 1699892220 A - - gz manipulate allowed for the peer's certificate chaintcl_fsutimeTcl_FSUtime 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystemxquerybesttileXQueryBestTile 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz determine efficient sizesxcb_glx_get_pixel_mapusv_data_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tc-cgroup- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz control group based traffic control filtertcl_deleteassocdataTcl_DeleteAssocData 3 3 1448008821 A - - gz manage associations of string keys and user specified data with Tcl interpretersevp_digestsignupdateEVP_DigestSignUpdate 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP signing functionsinitgroups- 3 3 1402354210 A - - gz initialize the supplementary group access listxcb_input_xi_set_client_pointer_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_setcommandinfofromtokenTcl_SetCommandInfoFromToken 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz implement new commands in Cerr_load_ui_stringsERR_load_UI_strings 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - 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- gz exponential functionxcb_input_xi_change_hierarchy_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz strspn 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz search a string for a set of bytesxcb_configure_request_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz ssl_readSSL_read 3ssl 3 1699892224 A - - gz read bytes from a TLS/SSL connection.bio_int_ctrlBIO_int_ctrl 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz BIO control operationsidna_to_ascii_4z- 3 3 1448125246 A - - gz API functionxfs_repair- 8 8 1601488312 A - - gz repair an XFS filesystemxcb_query_extension- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz check if extension is presentfwrite fwrite 3 fwrite 3pextutils::makemaker::faqExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ 3pm 3 1402365499 A - - gz Frequently Asked Questions About MakeMakerhttp::cookies::microsoftHTTP::Cookies::Microsoft 3pm 3 1402365673 A - - gz access to Microsoft cookies filesitem_count- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz make and break connections between items and menuspcrecompat- 3 3 1501643278 A - - gz Perl-compatible regular expressionsxkbsetnameddeviceindicatorXkbSetNamedDeviceIndicator 3 3 1710950785 B - 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- gz slk_attroff_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensionj0 3- 3 3 1402354210 A - - gz Bessel functions of the first kindatrm- 1 1 1653075403 B - - gz queue, examine or delete jobs for later executionkeyctl_revoke- 3 3 1402366674 A - - gz Revoke a keylabs 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz compute the absolute value of an integercheckmodule- 8 8 1540936118 A - - gz SELinux policy module compilersecurity_load_booleans- 3 3 1585710994 A - - gz routines for manipulating SELinux boolean valuespthread_getattr_np- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz get attributes of created threadxcb_randr_get_output_info_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fccachenumfontFcCacheNumFont 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Returns the number of fonts in cache.wcstoumax wcstoumax 3 wcstoumax 3pat 1p- 1p 1p 1402354203 A - - gz execute commands at a later timehas_mouse_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensioncollectdmon- 1 1 1671356063 A - - gz Monitoring daemon for collectdec_key_up_refEC_KEY_up_ref 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for creating, destroying and manipulating EC_KEY objects.sys_un.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz definitions for UNIX domain socketsperror 1- 1 1 1697025034 A - - gz display MySQL error message informationxcb_shm_attach- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz funzip- 1 1 1240180690 A - - gz filter for extracting from a ZIP archive in a pipegetgrnam_r getgrnam_r 3 getgrnam_r 3pip-monitor- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz state monitoringssl_session_get_ex_dataSSL_SESSION_get_ex_data 3ssl 3 1699892221 A - - gz internal application specific data functionsssl SSL 3ssl ssl 3sslxcb_configure_window_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz Configures window attributestcl_unichartolowerTcl_UniCharToLower 3 3 1448008822 A - - gz routines for manipulating the case of Unicode characters and UTF-8 stringsd2i_dsaprivatekeyd2i_DSAPrivateKey 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz DSA key encoding and parsing functions.tcl_findensembleTcl_FindEnsemble 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz manipulate ensemble commandsssl_ctx_set_psk_client_callbackSSL_CTX_set_psk_client_callback 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz set PSK client callbackpod::pom::node::podPod::POM::Node::Pod 3pm 3 1402385888 A - - gz err_peek_error_line_dataERR_peek_error_line_data 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz obtain error code and datava_copy 3- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz variable argument listsssl_set_sessionSSL_set_session 3ssl 3 1699892224 A - - gz set a TLS/SSL session to be used during TLS/SSL connecteuca-detach-vpn-gateway- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Detach a virtual private gateway from a VPCxcb_glx_get_tex_parameterfv_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_selinux_get_client_context- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz try-from- 8 8 1402375311 A - - gz test program for the tcp_wrapperxcb_randr_list_provider_properties_atoms_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz read 1- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)git-merge- 1 1 1722330784 A - - gz Join two or more development histories togetherntohs 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz convert values between host and network byte orderlrand48 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbersccoshl 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - 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Maintenance and statistics on inode associationspcre32_refcount- 3 3 1573510868 B - - gz Perl-compatible regular expressionstcl_detachpidsTcl_DetachPids 3 3 1448008821 A - - gz manage child processes in backgroundlibtiff- 3tiff 3 1729525165 A - - gz introduction to libtiff, a library for reading and writing TIFF filescol- 1 1 1612283497 A - - gz filter reverse line feeds from inputlwres_gai_strerror- 3 3 1725373371 A - - gz print suitable error stringx509_name_get_entryX509_NAME_get_entry 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz X509_NAME lookup and enumeration functionslocale::codes::script_retiredLocale::Codes::Script_Retired 3pm 3 1402383324 A - - gz retired script codes for the Locale::Codes::Script modulelldiv lldiv 3 lldiv 3ptcl_limitgetgranularityTcl_LimitGetGranularity 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz manage and check resource limits on interpretersstrcspn 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz get the length of a complementary substringsem_timedwait 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz lock a semaphore (ADVANCED REALTIME)xcb_randr_delete_output_property- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz grops- 1 1 1402345033 A - - gz PostScript driver for grofflroundf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 B - - gz round to nearest integer valueisdigit 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz test for a decimal digitincr- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Increment the value of a variabletcl_waitpidTcl_WaitPid 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz manage child processes in backgroundfilecacheFileCache 3pm 3 1698237674 A - - gz keep more files open than the system permitsioctl 2- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz control devicexcreateglyphcursorXCreateGlyphCursor 3 3 1710950785 B - - gz create cursorsgnu_get_libc_release- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz get glibc version and releaseperlbook- 1 1 1698237663 A - - gz Books about and related to Perlvgimportclone- 8 8 1619616701 A - - gz Import a VG from cloned PVsremquol 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz remainder and part of quotientlwresd- 8 8 1725373372 A - - gz lightweight resolver daemonxcb_xkb_set_device_info_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_wordbreakbeforetcl_wordBreakBefore n n 1448008823 B - - gz standard library of Tcl proceduresssl_conf_cmdSSL_CONF_cmd 3ssl 3 1699892218 A - 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t gz Note the changed names in a changes structurecpu_zeroCPU_ZERO 3 3 1402354206 B - - gz macros for manipulating CPU setsmktime mktime 3 mktime 3pgetgrent_r- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz get group file entry reentrantlyswapcontext 3- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz manipulate user contextcurs_print- 3x 3 1715932338 A - - gz ship binary data to printerfccharsetdestroyFcCharSetDestroy 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Destroy a character setpure-quotacheck- 8 8 1730292103 A - - gz Update virtual quota files for Pure-FTPdmcheck- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz heap consistency checkingwrite write 2 write 1p write 1 write 3pxcb_randr_get_provider_property_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz pipe 2- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz create pipevfyserv_- 1 1 1709638633 C vfyserv - gz unsetenv 3- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz change or add an environment variablecfsetospeed 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz set output baud ratedatetime::locale::be_byDateTime::Locale::be_BY 3pm 3 1402390642 A - - gz atan 3- 3 3 1402354207 A - - gz arc tangent functionnfsiostat- 8 8 1634214565 A - 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N*,dbus! @^,isle " T( ,systp" 8J&?,perl" 6*,euca# FG?,tcl_`# G,xcb_# P,xcms# O> ,pthrK$ >q,ssl_$ L||M,def_% 5,xcb_L% !|,form% 4z,iden% @v,mvad & Zחf,lwp-q& 97,rhts& <,ctan' ,luse' &,md2_I' F{,date' 3M,curs' =18F,tcl_0( TV@,wpri( Dz,date( 1U,xcb_-) #v,getpk) 2B,pthr) <&G,alia) 6"$$,coll:* D,xkbf* Hb,xcb_* -,xcb_ + 2y,packm+ Fe,ssl_+ cn },dove6, BH,setv, 6¡,getc, 5b_,stat- ){,ncur- H,pthrn- 4,bio_- :{`,date- 3ք,dirH. 2,xlis~. RG/,xcb_. 'Z,sets/ 9d4,mant_/ <,xcb_/ &,xsetp ?wT,abrtNp :X,wordp 1 H,intrp QRG,evp_/q C.%,xcb_q !b,xkbnq YX,cpu_.r BYS,mktiyr x,getgr ;*,swapr 21,curss 7=,fcch\s A:,pures C],mchet 4H,writ,unzi2x SS,tznax @Ei,setpx A>,xcb_!y .,xcb_jy ,,pam_y >J,sg_wy 8N^[,grub0z D!,modf/ |,xcb_z Rb,heigz Q8M,ttyn{ <О,xcol`{ V,mall{ ; v,xrot| H],xcb_X| l,tkne| <0hp,xcup| dP,tctmL} ?h,cpan} aR,xcb_ ~ dg,syst?~ ?,core~ >EK,euim~ - ,vfpr [,ntoh@ 2,xcb_X  ,touc ;4,asct +,swpr` 0,fcco!` eH,skil` AT,sele` 54,xcb_!a 4V',xconda F,keyoa ;ZV,evp_b R6,glibcb D!E,xcb_b .=,ar 1b DC,git- >a,casi?c FQ,btrec A$Y,euarc ( < N B-text!d Yѝ5-finid F-getud 4-pow1e 2{ -dateOe 3-grube ''-abs e =wz-eulbf <}_-xcb_jf ->x-git-f :n#X-truef 3=-ends6g ,F-unge]g ;>-xcreg 5i-ec_pg t-ttynlh 4 o-arpih ?'c-io::h R0-ec_gSi ] -xcb_i 2.-falsj HZG-clos,j 2R-repofj P-memcj 6-sys-j PZ-modu[k ]KI-ssh-k Gc-mkos1l 9n-xorgsl 6{d-datel 3t--xkbsm ^z-execm )!-ssl_n S-floan +"-sendn d-xcb_n !-ܛ-i2d_o  {"-base Q-tpagX >-grub &-date J-perl _;-xutfM ULY-yum- )-uran >v-io::1 K9:-ftim x-maps ;+-fsta 5O-cloc6 A{-wipe 9W -ldex E+ -nfs LcK-sinhg L[-tcl_| ] z-ip6t 8@&-pvsc5 4T-xdefp W[-tap: #fi-snpr_ [}$-numf <'-curs b-xcb_8 t)-uuidr , T-fcfi ;-fcch F-xexp@ <w-file >B-open Z-lvmc &a|-uude7 1 f-pcres >n-floo +^-pthr O-cfgeg _;N-butt ?:--xcb_ "C-tlsvW vm-xcb_ " -pthr V[-xcb_K 0-loglv 7O5-bn_b T-xcb_ :-tan Q +R-xcb_ S-has_ ;:-tlsv q:Z-tcl_| C!S-dlfc ,ھ-tcl_ U̯-iso-w _X-tld_ '_N-xcb_5 -clog -inotn 9-__fw =;:-bn_c G݅-xcb_K (%-fold 5)B-fcma ;p-sigs {\-date8 3-sete @3@H-thin q6-mvwdG P%g-sele 6"-fcvt Fϲx-setu ,-tabs= 1m-xmbuu CR-xtna 4-free 4-fminA v,^-xrmvY z u-arm_ Eq'-ethe2 AH -bf_e~ :-cont K#s-pod: @}A-scank 44-devl 5-tcl_ _6-rexe\ <M5-pod: ] X|-new_ :F -xcb__ +L^-huns h-cmsu --zipgX U7K-vspr D@hr-fget !-xtcr fZ7-grub eyk-xcb_ 1n-PCREY 1;-tcl_ hyR-xcb_ ,v0-moduR PI-bio_ 3T-setr 2-xkbg4 6-prog E-tty d Zد-nget Cbase64- 1 1 1605565487 A - 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- gz obtain error code and datapcresample- 3 3 1501643278 A - - gz Perl-compatible regular expressionscpanplusCPANPLUS 3pm 3 1402392266 A - - gz API & CLI access to the CPAN mirrorsopenssl_no_configOPENSSL_no_config 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz simple OpenSSL configuration functionsclear 1- 1 1 1715932335 A - - gz clear the terminal screendsa_sig_newDSA_SIG_new 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz allocate and free DSA signature objectsform_sub- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz make and break form window and subwindow associationsdatetime::locale::furDateTime::Locale::fur 3pm 3 1402390637 A - - gz fcpatternreferenceFcPatternReference 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Increment pattern reference countip6tables-restore- 8 8 1601571148 B - - gz Restore IPv6 Tablesfile::pathFile::Path 3pm 3 1402361289 A - - gz Create or remove directory treesfcrangecopyFcRangeCopy 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Copy a range objectxml::libxml::literalXML::LibXML::Literal 3pm 3 1402352994 A - - gz Simple string values.xcb_input_get_device_modifier_mapping_keymaps- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz x509_name_get_text_by_nidX509_NAME_get_text_by_NID 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz X509_NAME lookup and enumeration functionspem_write_bio_cms_streamPEM_write_bio_CMS_stream 3ssl 3 1699892211 A - - gz output CMS_ContentInfo structure in PEM format.mvinchnstr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get a string of characters (and attributes) from a curses windowfcutf16lenFcUtf16Len 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz count UTF-16 encoded charspthread_rwlockattr_init- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz destroy and initialize the read-write lock attributes objectnfs4_gss_princ_to_ids- 3 3 1523419630 C nfs4_uid_to_name - gz xcb_xc_misc_get_xid_list_ids_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz is_syncok- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses window propertiesxkboutofrangegroupinfoXkbOutOfRangeGroupInfo 3 3 1710950785 A - t gz Returns only the out-of-range processing information from the group_info field of an XkbSymMapRec structurexcb_randr_query_version- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz datetime::locale::en_ttDateTime::Locale::en_TT 3pm 3 1402390640 A - - gz nail- 1 1 1533764336 B - t gz send and receive Internet mailperlnewmod- 1 1 1698237666 A - - gz preparing a new module for distributionwcsncat 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - - gz concatenate a wide-character string with part of anotherislessequal 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz floating-point relational tests without exception for NaNcosh 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz hyperbolic cosine functionssubgid- 5 5 1565319053 A - - gz the subordinate gid filexcb_xevie_query_version_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz perlcall- 1 1 1698237664 A - - gz Perl calling conventions from Cevp_pkey_verify_recoverEVP_PKEY_verify_recover 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz recover signature using a public key algorithmlogout 1- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)strrchr 3- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz locate character in stringresize_term- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz change the curses terminal sizexwctextlisttotextpropertyXwcTextListToTextProperty 3 3 1710950786 B - t gz convert text lists and text property structurescurs_overlay- 3x 3 1715932338 A - - gz overlay and manipulate overlapped curses windowstie::hash::namedcaptureTie::Hash::NamedCapture 3pm 3 1698237678 A - - gz Named regexp capture buffersssl_build_cert_chainSSL_build_cert_chain 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz extra chain certificate processingdlvsym- 3 3 1402354208 B - - gz programming interface to dynamic linking loadergetopt_long_only- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz Parse command-line optionsGDBM 3- 3 3 1402349942 C gdbm - gz erasechar_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensionprintw- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz print formatted output in curses windowssvc_sendreply- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz library routines for remote procedure callsxquerykeymapXQueryKeymap 3 3 1710950785 B - t gz manipulate keyboard settings and keyboard control structuretime n- n n 1448008824 A - - gz Time the execution of a scripteuca-modify-image-attribute- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Modify an attribute of an imageeuare-userdelkey- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Delete an access keyiso-8859-15- 7 7 1402354219 B - t gz ISO 8859-15 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimalgethostname 2- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz get/set hostnameluserdel- 1 1 1381614967 A - - gz Delete an userxtranslatecoordinatesXTranslateCoordinates 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz translate window coordinatesdatetime::locale::fa_afDateTime::Locale::fa_AF 3pm 3 1402390642 A - - gz try::tinyTry::Tiny 3pm 3 1402356190 A - - gz minimal try/catch with proper localization of $@xcb_alloc_color_planes_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xtunrealizewidgetXtUnrealizeWidget 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz realize and unrealize widgetsfcatomicorigfileFcAtomicOrigFile 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz return original file namextcallbacknoneXtCallbackNone 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz map a pop-updatetime::locale::ukDateTime::Locale::uk 3pm 3 1402390639 A - - gz userhelper- 8 8 1565320163 A - - gz A helper interface to PAM. 2db_hotbackup- 1 1 1565309747 A - - gz Create "hot backup" or "hot failover" snapshotsneqn- 1 1 1533764324 A - - gz format equations for ascii outputfseek 3- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz reposition a streamflower- 8 8 1601484048 C tc-flower - gz xtgetselectionrequestXtGetSelectionRequest 3 3 1501646833 A - - gz retrieve the event that triggered the XtConvertSelectionProclog::message::handlersLog::Message::Handlers 3pm 3 1402343798 A - - gz Message handlers for Log::Messagehtdbm- 1 1 1712068782 A - - gz Manipulate DBM password databasesls 1- 1 1 1605565487 A - - gz list directory contentstcl_utfnextTcl_UtfNext 3 3 1448008823 B - - gz routines for manipulating UTF-8 stringsxcb_glx_are_textures_resident_data- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_xv_list_image_formats_format- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz bio_new_fdBIO_new_fd 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz file descriptor BIOipcrm 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - - gz remove an XSI message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory segment identifieropendir opendir 3 opendir 3psinh 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz hyperbolic sine functiongroup- 5 5 1402354219 A - - gz user group fileerr_error_stringERR_error_string 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz obtain human-readable error messagesetfsent- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz handle fstab entriescatanhl 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz complex arc hyperbolic tangent functionslwp::useragentLWP::UserAgent 3pm 3 1402363153 A - - gz Web user agent classwprintf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - - gz print formatted wide-character outputpthread_testcancel 3- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz request delivery of any pending cancellation requestform_driver- 3x 3 1715932339 A - - gz command-processing loop of the form systemgetttynam- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz get ttys file entrygetcap- 8 8 1699264317 A - - gz examine file capabilitiesposix_trace_attr_destroy- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz destroy and initialize the trace stream attributes object (TRACING)menu_request_name- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz handle printable menu request namesxcb_xkb_bell_notify_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_randr_change_output_property_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fcfontsetprintFcFontSetPrint 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Print a set of patterns to stdoutdsa 1ssl- 1ssl 1 1699892200 A - - gz DSA key processingdes_set_keyDES_set_key 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz DES encryptionnet::ftpNet::FTP 3pm 3 1698237676 A - - gz FTP Client classxcb_glx_get_materialfv- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz iconv 3- 3 3 1402354210 A - - gz perform character set conversionlvextend- 8 8 1619616701 A - - gz Add space to a logical volumexcb_glx_finish- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xdrrec_create- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for external data representationsystemd-cgls- 1 1 1711457787 A - - gz Recursively show control group contentsmore 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - - gz display files on a page-by-page basisgettimeofday 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz get the date and timeherror- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz get network host entryxcb_input_open_device_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz module::corelistModule::CoreList 3pm 3 1698237389 A - - gz what modules shipped with versions of perlauto_reset- n n 1448008823 B - - gz standard library of Tcl proceduresxml::sax::buildsaxbaseXML::SAX::BuildSAXBase 3pm 3 1402366964 A - - gz Base class SAX Drivers and Filterstcl_fsnewnativepathTcl_FSNewNativePath 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystemtc-pedit- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz generic packet editor actionipc::open3IPC::Open3 3pm 3 1698237674 A - - gz open a process for reading, writing, and error handling using open3()xcb_input_xi_warp_pointer- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz sgpio- 1 1 1227526032 A - - gz captive backplane LED control utilityselectsaverSelectSaver 3pm 3 1698237677 A - - gz save and restore selected file handlesysconf 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz get configuration information at run timemath::bigint::calcemuMath::BigInt::CalcEmu 3pm 3 1698237675 A - - gz Emulate low-level math with BigInt codelsearch lsearch 3 lsearch n lsearch 3pxrmqputresourceXrmQPutResource 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz store database resourcesxcb_xevie_end_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_input_xi_query_device- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz selinux_policy_root- 3 3 1585710994 A - - gz return the path of the SELinux policy files for this machine selinux_set_policy_root - Set an alternate SELinux root path for the SELinux policy files for this machine.tcl_fsgetnativepathTcl_FSGetNativePath 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystemxrmpermstringtoquarkXrmPermStringToQuark 3 3 1710950786 B - t gz manipulate resource quarkssymlink symlink 2 symlink 7 symlink 3pgit-revert- 1 1 1722330782 A - - gz Revert some existing commitssyncok- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz create curses windowsbn_sub_words- 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz BIGNUM library internal functionsssl_ctx_get_session_cache_modeSSL_CTX_get_session_cache_mode 3ssl 3 1699892221 A - - gz enable/disable session cachingcproj 3- 3 3 1402354208 A - - gz project into Riemann SpherexcmsquerycolorsXcmsQueryColors 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz obtain color valuesdebuginfo-install- 1 1 1589300860 A - - gz install debuginfo packages and their dependenciessin 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz sine functionprocmailrc- 5 5 1511905870 A - - gz procmail rcfileghostscript- 1 1 1605296035 B - - gz Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF language interpreter and previewer)mq_receive 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz receive a message from a message queue (REALTIME)pvremove- 8 8 1619616701 A - - gz Remove LVM label(s) from physical volume(s)scr_set- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz read (write) a curses screen from (to) a filesyncfs- 2 2 1402354206 B - - gz commit buffer cache to diskxcb_dri2_authenticate- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz datetime::locale::bynDateTime::Locale::byn 3pm 3 1402390635 A - - gz xcb_glx_query_version_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz getrusage getrusage 2 getrusage 3peuca-get-password- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Retrieve the administrator password for an instance running Windowslwres_getaddrinfo- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz socket address structure to host and service namedbd::gofer::transport::streamDBD::Gofer::Transport::stream 3pm 3 1402362412 A - - gz DBD::Gofer transport for stdio streamingevp_cipher_asn1_to_paramEVP_CIPHER_asn1_to_param 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinesasn1_time_checkASN1_TIME_check 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz ASN.1 Time functions.xkbresizedevicebuttonactionsXkbResizeDeviceButtonActions 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Allocate additional space for button actions in an XkbDeviceInfoRec structurexkbbelleventXkbBellEvent 3 3 1710950785 A - t gz Provides a function that initiates a bell event for the keyboard without ringing the bellxcb_sync_list_system_counters_counters_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz ether_ntoa_r- 3 3 1402354208 B - - gz Ethernet address manipulation routinestcl_getcommandinfofromtokenTcl_GetCommandInfoFromToken 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz implement new commands in Ctap::formatter::baseTAP::Formatter::Base 3pm 3 1439389327 A - - gz Base class for harness output delegateshttp::cookiesHTTP::Cookies 3pm 3 1402365673 A - - gz HTTP cookie jarswish- 1 1 1448008910 A - - gz Simple windowing shellposix_trace_rewind- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - t gz trace log management (TRACING)nice 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz change the nice value of a processxtappsetwarninghandlerXtAppSetWarningHandler 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz low-level error handlersxcb_xfixes_destroy_region- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz wcsncpy 3- 3 3 1402354213 A - - gz copy a fixed-size string of wide charactersscalbnf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz compute exponent using FLT_RADIXisgreaterequal 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz test if x is greater than or equal to yrand_statusRAND_status 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz add entropy to the PRNGxcb_sync_get_priority_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz bind bind n bind 2 bind 1 bind 3passume_default_colors- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz use terminal's default colorsavc_netlink_acquire_fd- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz SELinux netlink processingpam_vsyslog- 3 3 1585713595 B - - gz send messages to the system loggerrindex rindex 3 rindex 3pget_default_context_with_role- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz determine SELinux context(s) for user sessionswborder- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz create curses borders, horizontal and vertical linesdatetime::locale::es_uyDateTime::Locale::es_UY 3pm 3 1402390632 A - - gz setdomainname- 2 2 1402354204 A - - gz get/set NIS domain nameulimit.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz ulimit commandspam_sm_setcred- 3 3 1585713595 A - - gz PAM service function to alter credentialshtobe32- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz convert values between host and big-/little-endian byte ordereuare-groupaddpolicy- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Add a new policy to a group. To add more complex policies than this tool supports, see euare-groupuploadpolicy(1).wget Wget 1 wget 1pthread_attr_setstacksize pthread_attr_setstacksize 3 pthread_attr_setstacksize 3ppopen popen 3 popen 3pposix_trace_attr_getmaxsystemeventsize- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz retrieve and set trace stream size attributes (TRACING)ceill 3- 3 3 1402354207 B - - gz ceiling function: smallest integral value not less than argumentpthread_setconcurrency 3p- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz get and set the level of concurrencyclock_getcpuclockid 3- 3 3 1402354208 A - - gz obtain ID of a process CPU-time clockxcb_randr_get_screen_resources_current_modes_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fcfontsetaddFcFontSetAdd 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Add to a font setenvz_add- 3 3 1402354208 A - - gz environment string supportjobs 1- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)Pod::perldoc 3pm- 3pm 3 1402388268 A - - gz Look up Perl documentation in Pod format.xcb_render_free_glyphs- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_input_change_device_control_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - 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- gz lvs- 8 8 1619616701 A - - gz Display information about logical volumesx509_store_ctx_get_current_certX509_STORE_CTX_get_current_cert 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz get or set certificate verification status informationxinternatomXInternAtom 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz create or return atom namesgetsid getsid 2 getsid 3pfenv.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz floating-point environmentgit-remote-testgit- 1 1 1722330783 A - - gz Example remote-helpermenu_win- 3x 3 1720626759 A - - gz make and break menu window and subwindow associationsvid_puts- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses interfaces to terminfo databasemktemp mktemp 3 mktemp 1 mktemp 3preaddir 3p- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz read a directorycatan 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz complex arc tangent functionsautodie::hints- 3pm 3 1402392173 A - - gz Provide hints about user subroutines to autodiexcb_xfixes_fetch_region_rectangles_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz init_color- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses color manipulation routinesxcb_xfixes_get_cursor_image_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz locate- 1 1 1523418406 A - - gz find files by nameIpam_get_data- 3 3 1585713595 A - - gz get module internal datapod::simple::pullparserendtokenPod::Simple::PullParserEndToken 3pm 3 1402365606 A - - gz - end-tokens from Pod::Simple::PullParserpread 2- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz read from or write to a file descriptor at a given offsetxcb_xvmc_list_surface_types_surfaces_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz ec_group_get_curve_gf2mEC_GROUP_get_curve_GF2m 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for creating and destroying EC_GROUP objects.setenforce- 8 8 1585710994 A - - gz modify the mode SELinux is running inxgrabbuttonXGrabButton 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz grab pointer buttonsxcb_glx_is_list_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz msr- 4 4 1402354219 A - - gz x86 CPU MSR access devicelog 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz natural logarithm functionxopendisplayXOpenDisplay 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz connect or disconnect to X servercsinh 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz complex hyperbolic sine functionsclogf clogf 3 clogf 3plgammaf 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz log gamma functioneuca-describe-snapshots- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Show information about snapshotsssl_set0_chain_cert_storeSSL_set0_chain_cert_store 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz set certificate verification or chain storedaemon daemon 3 daemon 7 Daemon 1cimagl 3- 3 3 1402354207 B - - gz get imaginary part of a complex numberxkbgetkeyboardbynameXkbGetKeyboardByName 3 3 1710950785 A - t gz Build a new keyboard description from a set of named components, and to optionally have the server use the resulting description to replace an active oneh_errno 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz error return value for network database operationsgetsockname 2- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz get socket nameflush- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Flush buffered output for a channelxtcreatemanagedwidgetXtCreateManagedWidget 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz create and destroy widgetscharsets- 7 7 1402354219 A - - gz programmer's view of character sets and internationalizationnfsd 7- 7 7 1634214566 A - - gz special filesystem for controlling Linux NFS servereuare-usermodkey- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Change the status of an access key from Active to Inactive, or vice versaslk_touch_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensionsyslog 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz control system logstat 2- 2 2 1402354206 A - t gz get file statusstrverscmp- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz compare two version stringsxcb_input_get_feedback_control- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz systemd-efi-boot-generator- 8 8 1711457788 A - - gz Generator for automatically mounting the EFI System Partition used by the current boot to /bootevp_cipher_typeEVP_CIPHER_type 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinesxcb_glx_get_tex_level_parameteriv_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz getline- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz delimited string inputdatetime::locale::dvDateTime::Locale::dv 3pm 3 1402390638 A - - gz pclose pclose 3 pclose 3pdtlsv1_methodDTLSv1_method 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz create a new SSL_CTX object as framework for TLS/SSL enabled functionscommand command 1p command 1inet_lnaof- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz Internet address manipulation routinestcl_appendobjtoobjTcl_AppendObjToObj 3 3 1448008822 B - 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- gz xcb_x_print_print_get_document_data_data- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz gethostname gethostname 2 gethostname 3pcpan::api::howtoCPAN::API::HOWTO 3pm 3 1698237384 A - - gz a recipe book for programming with CPAN.pmmode_to_security_class- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz convert between SELinux class and permission values and string names. print_access_vector - display an access vector in human-readable form.RC4 3ssl- 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz RC4 encryptionxcb_dri2_create_drawable- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz extutils::mkbootstrapExtUtils::Mkbootstrap 3pm 3 1402365499 A - - gz make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoaderpanel_hidden- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz panel stack extension for cursesui_ctrlUI_ctrl 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz New User Interfacexcb_xfixes_union_region- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz cms_get0_signerinfosCMS_get0_SignerInfos 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz CMS signedData signer functions.file_contexts.homedirs- 5 5 1585710994 B - - gz userspace SELinux labeling interface and configuration file format for the file contexts backendctags- 1p 1p 1402354203 A - - gz create a tags file (DEVELOPMENT, FORTRAN)tcl_interpdeletedTcl_InterpDeleted 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz create and delete Tcl command interpretersxrmputstringresourceXrmPutStringResource 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz store database resourcestcl_errnomsgTcl_ErrnoMsg 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz manipulate errno to store and retrieve error codeswgetnstr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz accept character strings from curses terminal keyboardset_form_init- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz set hooks for automatic invocation by applicationsget_default_type- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz determine SELinux context(s) for user sessionsgs- 1 1 1605296035 A - - gz Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF language interpreter and previewer)xtextitem16XTextItem16 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz draw polytext text and text drawing structuresxsetwmiconnameXSetWMIconName 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz set or read a window's WM_ICON_NAME propertyx509_store_set_verify_cbX509_STORE_set_verify_cb 3ssl 3 1699892214 A - - gz set verification callbackxcb_randr_get_crtc_info_possible_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz io::uncompress::baseIO::Uncompress::Base 3pm 3 1402361982 A - - gz Base Class for IO::Uncompress modulesdatetime::locale::daDateTime::Locale::da 3pm 3 1402390642 A - - gz xcb_x_print_print_start_doc_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz curses::ui::menubarCurses::UI::Menubar 3pm 3 1454728582 A - - gz Create and manipulate menubar widgetsdatetime::locale::da_dkDateTime::Locale::da_DK 3pm 3 1402390642 A - - gz xcb_xv_query_extension_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_input_set_device_button_mapping_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_getvarTcl_GetVar 3 3 1448008822 A - - gz manipulate Tcl variablesxcb_glx_get_minmax_parameteriv_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_createobjcommandTcl_CreateObjCommand 3 3 1448008821 A - - gz implement new commands in Crsa rsa 3ssl rsa 1sslgetegid getegid 2 getegid 3pfmax 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz determine maximum of two floating-point numbersinit_pair- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses color manipulation routinestcl_setensemblesubcommandlistTcl_SetEnsembleSubcommandList 3 3 1448008821 B - 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- gz initialize the Resource Manager, Resource Manager structures, and parse the command lineperldoc perldoc 3pm perldoc 1datetime::locale::to_toDateTime::Locale::to_TO 3pm 3 1402390633 A - - gz xcb_render_free_picture- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz git-remote-ext- 1 1 1722330782 A - - gz Bridge smart transport to external command.iptunnel- 8 8 1565313023 A - - gz creates, deletes, and displays configured tunnelstc-flower- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz flow based traffic control filterxcb_glx_are_textures_resident_data_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz wctob 3- 3 3 1402354213 A - - gz try to represent a wide character as a single byteattr_set- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses character and window attribute control routinesxcb_glx_get_tex_envfv_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz find-repos-of-install- 1 1 1589300861 A - - gz report which Yum repository a package was installed frommodule::build::platform::unixModule::Build::Platform::Unix 3pm 3 1402373049 A - - gz Builder class for Unix platformspam_prompt- 3 3 1585713595 A - 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gz xcb_randr_get_crtc_transform_pending_filter_name_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz grub2-syslinux2cfg- 1 1 1722985065 A - - gz Transform a syslinux config file into a GRUB config.recv 3p- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz receive a message from a connected socketwcslen 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - - gz get wide-character string lengthconvert- 1 1 1713269066 A - - gz convert between image formats as well as resize an image, blur, crop, despeckle, dither, draw on, flip, join, re-sample, and much more.dpkg-deb- 1 1 1642076111 A - - gz Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation toolgetcontext 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz get and set current user contextPxgeterrordatabasetextXGetErrorDatabaseText 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz default error handlerscloud-publish-tarball- 1 1 1410347192 A - - gz publish a cloud archivexcb_selinux_get_window_create_context_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz setfsgid- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz set group identity used for file system checksdatetime::locale::as_inDateTime::Locale::as_IN 3pm 3 1402390642 A - 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- gz xcb_x_print_print_get_one_attributes_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_dri3_query_version- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz statvfs statvfs 3 statvfs 2 statvfs 3pbkgdset- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses window background manipulation routinesbn_to_montgomeryBN_to_montgomery 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Montgomery multiplicationswapcontext 2- 2 2 1402354206 A - - gz Swap out old context with new contextgetprotoent_r- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz get protocol entry (reentrant)i2d_dsaparamsi2d_DSAparams 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz DSA key encoding and parsing functions.sysctl 2- 2 2 1402354206 A - - gz read/write system parametersssl_get_peer_cert_chainSSL_get_peer_cert_chain 3ssl 3 1699892223 A - - gz get the X509 certificate chain of the peerpcre_compile- 3 3 1501643278 A - - gz Perl-compatible regular expressionssymlink 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz make a symbolic link to a filebn_ctx_newBN_CTX_new 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz allocate and free BN_CTX structurestcl_dstringstartsublistTcl_DStringStartSublist 3 3 1448008821 B - 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- gz SSL BIOpr29_4- 3 3 1448125246 A - - gz API functiontcl_exprlongTcl_ExprLong 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz evaluate an expressionxsetarcmodeXSetArcMode 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz GC convenience routinesgpg-zip- 1 1 1531487121 A - - gz Encrypt or sign files into an archivepthread_barrierattr_setpshared- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz get and set the process-shared attribute of the barrier attributes object (ADVANCED REALTIME THREADS)xcb_input_get_device_control_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fcpatternaddrangeFcPatternAddRange 3 3 1520307172 C FcPatternAdd-Type - gz xcb_dri2_get_buffers_buffers- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tc-mirred- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz mirror/redirect actionxcb_xv_get_video- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz kpartx- 8 8 1668612094 A - - gz Create device maps from partition tablestime::tmTime::tm 3pm 3 1698237678 A - - gz internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtimepkcs7_verifyPKCS7_verify 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz verify a PKCS#7 signedData structurentohl 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - 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- gz convert CMS structure to S/MIME format.pipe2- 2 2 1402354205 B - - gz create pipedbm_open- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz database functionsaio_init- 3 3 1402354207 A - - gz asynchronous I/O initializationrsa_get_default_methodRSA_get_default_method 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz select RSA methodmemmove 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz copy bytes in memory with overlapping areassigaction 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - t gz examine and change a signal actionxcb_input_open_device_pad_1- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz evp_cipher_ctx_initEVP_CIPHER_CTX_init 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routineslist::util::xsList::Util::XS 3pm 3 1402358219 A - - gz Indicate if List::Util was compiled with a C compilerrmdir rmdir 2 rmdir 1p rmdir 1 rmdir 3phdestroy 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 B - - gz manage hash search tablepthread_cond_init- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz destroy and initialize condition variablesxcb_input_get_device_button_mapping_map_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz setup-nsssysinit- 1 1 1709638633 A - - gz Query or enable the nss-sysinit moduletolower 3- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz convert letter to upper or lower caseutimes 2- 2 2 1402354206 B - - gz change file last access and modification timesxcb_xkb_list_components_keymaps_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tc-htb- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz Hierarchy Token Bucketxcb_randr_get_crtc_info_outputs- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz sg_rbuf- 8 8 1585715378 A - - gz reads data using SCSI READ BUFFER commandxkbfreegeomoverlaykeysXkbFreeGeomOverlayKeys 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Free keys in an overlay rowxdrawrectanglesXDrawRectangles 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz draw rectangles and rectangles structurevdoformat- 8 8 1601488174 A - - gz format a VDO devicemvscanw- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz convert formatted input from a curses windowresize_term_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensionfilter::cppFilter::cpp 3pm 3 1402353952 A - - gz cpp source filterxcb_glx_query_context_attribs- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tie::refhashTie::RefHash 3pm 3 1698237678 A - - gz use references as hash keyseuca-bundle-image- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Prepare an image for use in the cloudispunct ispunct 3 ispunct 3pxcb_input_xi_query_version- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz datetime::locale::kpe_gnDateTime::Locale::kpe_GN 3pm 3 1402390637 A - - gz tiffswabarrayoflongTIFFSwabArrayOfLong 3tiff 3 1729525165 C TIFFswab - gz xkbgetkeysymsXkbGetKeySyms 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Obtain the symbols for a subset of the keys in a keyboard descriptionmkfs.minix- 8 8 1612283497 A - - gz make a Minix filesystemeuimage-describe-pack- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz ***TECH PREVIEW***wmemcmp 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - - gz compare wide characters in memoryreport_event.conf- 5 5 1601569733 A - - gz configuration file for libreport.xcb_sync_destroy_counter_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz crypttab- 5 5 1711457788 A - - gz Configuration for encrypted block devicesget_nprocs- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz get number of processorsposix_trace_set_filter- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz retrieve and set the filter of an initialized trace stream (TRACING)mmap 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - t gz map pages of memoryxtappnexteventXtAppNextEvent 3 3 1501646833 A - - gz query and process events and inputxcb_list_properties- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz lwres_sethostent- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz lightweight resolver get network host entrymd4 MD4 3ssl md4 1sslgetresuid32- 2 2 1402354205 B - - gz get real, effective and saved user/group IDsimagemagickImageMagick 1 1 1713269066 A - - gz is a free software suite for the creation, modification and display of bitmap images.mvgetn_wstr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get an array of wide characters from a curses terminal keyboardgetgrnam 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz get group file entrydatetime::locale::moDateTime::Locale::mo 3pm 3 1402390643 A - - gz xutf8textescapementXutf8TextEscapement 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz obtain the escapement of textnextafterl nextafterl 3 nextafterl 3pxcb_present_notify_msc_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz keyctl_update- 3 3 1402366674 A - - gz Update a keydatetime::locale::zu_zaDateTime::Locale::zu_ZA 3pm 3 1402390644 A - - gz cms_get1_crlsCMS_get1_crls 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz CMS certificate and CRL utility functionsxcb_input_xi_query_device_infos_iterator- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz wattron- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses character and window attribute control routinesbio_set_accept_biosBIO_set_accept_bios 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz accept BIOgnu_dev_makedev- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz manage a device numberssl_ctx_set_tmp_rsa_callbackSSL_CTX_set_tmp_rsa_callback 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz handle RSA keys for ephemeral key exchangexcb_get_keyboard_control- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz meta- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses input optionsset_robust_list- 2 2 1402354205 B - - gz get/set list of robust futexesiso-8859-8- 7 7 1402354219 B - t gz ISO 8859-8 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimalxcb_list_fonts_with_info- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz get matching font names and informationwarning::symbols- 7stap 7 1602605484 A - - gz systemtap missing-symbols warningsscalbnl scalbnl 3 scalbnl 3pidna_to_unicode_lzlz- 3 3 1448125246 A - - gz API functionexp2l exp2l 3 exp2l 3px509_name_print_exX509_NAME_print_ex 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz X509_NAME printing routines.xcb_glx_get_color_table_parameteriv_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz winch- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get a character and attributes from a curses windowxcb_xinerama_get_state- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz tgamma tgamma 3 tgamma 3pfcpatternaddftfaceFcPatternAddFTFace 3 3 1520307172 C FcPatternAdd-Type - gz mq_timedsend 2- 2 2 1402354205 B - - gz send a message to a message queuepam_timestamp- 8 8 1585713592 A - - gz Authenticate using cached successful authentication attemptseuca-attach-vpn-gateway- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Attach a virtual private gateway to a VPCxcb_selinux_get_selection_context_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz rt_sigqueueinfo- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz queue a signal and datapthread_attr_getstackaddr 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz set/get stack address attribute in thread attributes objectnfs4_name_to_uid- 3 3 1523419630 C nfs4_uid_to_name - gz look- 1 1 1612283497 A - - gz display lines beginning with a given stringregcomp 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz POSIX regex functionsldiv 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz compute quotient and remainder of a long divisionmvcur- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses interfaces to terminfo databasepanel_userptr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz panel stack extension for cursesdhclient- 8 8 1718116541 A - - gz Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Clientevp_pkey_assign_rsaEVP_PKEY_assign_RSA 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP_PKEY assignment functions.xcb_render_composite_glyphs_16_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz grub-kbdcomp- 1 1 1722985065 C grub2-kbdcomp - gz getpgrp 2- 2 2 1402354206 A - - gz set/get process grouplocale::codes::language_retiredLocale::Codes::Language_Retired 3pm 3 1402383323 A - - gz retired language codes for the Locale::Codes::Language moduleputchar_unlocked 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz nonlocking stdio functionsxcb_shape_rectangles_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz wdeleteln- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz delete and insert lines in a curses windowcurses::ui::passwordentryCurses::UI::PasswordEntry 3pm 3 1454728582 A - - gz Create and manipulate passwordentry widgetspem_read_bio_pkcs7PEM_read_bio_PKCS7 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz PEM routinesip-netconf- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz network configuration monitoringregexp- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Match a regular expression against a stringlgetfilecon- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz get SELinux security context of a filefccharsetnextpageFcCharSetNextPage 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Continue enumerating charset contentsasn1_object_freeASN1_OBJECT_free 3ssl 3 1699892202 A - - gz object allocation functionsxgamma- 1 1 1502476988 A - - gz Alter a monitor's gamma correction through the X servervswprintf 3- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz formatted wide-character output conversionevp_des_edeEVP_des_ede 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinesevp_des_ede_cfbEVP_des_ede_cfb 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinessetgroups32- 2 2 1402354205 B - - gz get/set list of supplementary group IDsendpwent 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz user database functionsxcb_composite_redirect_window- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz sched_rr_get_interval 2- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz get the SCHED_RR interval for the named processsecuretty_types- 5 5 1585710994 A - - gz The SELinux secure tty type configuration filetgammal tgammal 3 tgammal 3ppmap_getport- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz library routines for remote procedure callsxwctextpropertytotextlistXwcTextPropertyToTextList 3 3 1710950786 B - t gz convert text lists and text property structuresceil ceil 3 ceil 3ptimer_settime 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 B - - gz per-process timers (REALTIME)xcmsalloccolorXcmsAllocColor 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz allocate colorstap::parser::schedulerTAP::Parser::Scheduler 3pm 3 1439389327 A - - gz Schedule tests during parallel testingxml::parser::style::objectsXML::Parser::Style::Objects 3pm 3 1402361425 A - - gz pfbtopfa- 1 1 1601482853 A - - gz Convert Postscript .pfb fonts to .pfa format using ghostscripttimerfd_gettime- 2 2 1402354206 B - - gz timers that notify via file descriptorsxcb_glx_get_polygon_stipple_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz epoll_create1- 2 2 1402354204 B - - gz open an epoll file descriptorsln- 8 8 1402354220 A - - gz create symbolic linksprintf 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - t gz write formatted outputfcatomicdestroyFcAtomicDestroy 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz destroy an FcAtomic objecttmpfiles.d- 5 5 1711457788 A - t gz Configuration for creation, deletion and cleaning of volatile and temporary filesdiv 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz compute the quotient and remainder of an integer divisionxcb_glx_get_clip_plane_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz showmount- 8 8 1634214566 A - - gz show mount information for an NFS serversecurity_get_initial_context- 3 3 1585710994 B - - gz query the SELinux policy database in the kernelbzip2recover- 1 1 1533764347 B - - gz recovers data from damaged bzip2 filesxlistextensionsXListExtensions 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz list available extensionstemplate::manual::pluginsTemplate::Manual::Plugins 3pm 3 1402357151 A - - gz Standard pluginsxcb_xkb_set_names_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz file::findFile::Find 3pm 3 1698237673 A - - gz Traverse a directory tree.xcb_glx_get_tex_parameteriv- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz tcl_limittypesetTcl_LimitTypeSet 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz manage and check resource limits on interpretersxallociconsizeXAllocIconSize 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz allocate icon size structure and set or read a window's WM_ICON_SIZES propertygetent- 1 1 1402354203 A - - gz get entries from Name Service Switch librariesxtsettypeconverterXtSetTypeConverter 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz register resource converterstrerror_r 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz get error message stringargz_delete- 3 3 1402354207 B - - gz functions to handle an argz listxcb_damage_notify_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_xc_misc_get_xid_range_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz expf expf 3 expf 3pshift shift 1p shift 1tcl_getaliasTcl_GetAlias 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz manage multiple Tcl interpreters, aliases and hidden commandsnamed- 8 8 1725373372 A - - gz Internet domain name serverpam_getenv- 3 3 1585713595 A - - gz get a PAM environment variabletc-fq_codel- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz Fair Queuing (FQ) with Controlled Delay (CoDel)avc_cache_stats- 3 3 1585710994 A - - gz obtain userspace SELinux AVC statisticsxcb_image_text_8- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz Draws textxkbgetnamedindicatorXkbGetNamedIndicator 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Look up the indicator map and other information for an indicator by namexdr_long- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for external data representationgetsockname getsockname 2 getsockname 3pngettext 3- 3 3 1465650185 A - - gz translate message and choose plural formfnmatch 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz match filename or pathnamecreat 2- 2 2 1402354204 B - - gz open and possibly create a file or devicepthread_mutexattr_setprotocol- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz get and set the protocol attribute of the mutex attributes object (REALTIME THREADS)html::templateHTML::Template 3pm 3 1392149318 A - - gz Perl module to use HTML-like templating languagesetnetgrent- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz handle network group entrieseuca-cancel-bundle-task- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Cancel an instance bundling operationnm nm 1p nm 1git-fetch-pack- 1 1 1722330779 A - - gz Receive missing objects from another repositorytap::parser::multiplexerTAP::Parser::Multiplexer 3pm 3 1439389327 A - - gz Multiplex multiple TAP::Parserstgetent- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz direct curses interface to the terminfo capability databaseposix_openpt posix_openpt 3 posix_openpt 3pset_menu_init- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz set hooks for automatic invocation by applicationsgit-merge-index- 1 1 1722330782 A - - gz Run a merge for files needing mergingpthread_attr_destroy 3p- 3p 3p 1402354217 B - - gz destroy and initialize the thread attributes objectxtappaddblockhookXtAppAddBlockHook 3 3 1501646833 A - - gz register a block hook procedurewgetn_wstr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz get an array of wide characters from a curses terminal keyboardclock_settime clock_settime 3 clock_settime 2 clock_settime 3plseek lseek 2 lseek 3pwattr_on- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses character and window attribute control routinesssl_ctx_get_timeoutSSL_CTX_get_timeout 3ssl 3 1699892221 A - - gz manipulate timeout values for session cachingtiffdatawidthTIFFDataWidth 3tiff 3 1729525165 A - - gz Get the size of TIFF data typesfd_set FD_SET 3 FD_SET 2 FD_SET 3pe2freefrag- 8 8 1711459141 A - - gz report free space fragmentation informationtcl_channelcloseprocTcl_ChannelCloseProc 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz procedures for creating and manipulating channelsfield_opts- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz set and get field optionskbdrate- 8 8 1637771557 A - - gz reset the keyboard repeat rate and delay timeld-linux.so*- 8 8 1402354220 C ld.so - gz ausyscall- 8 8 1565265961 A - - gz a program that allows mapping syscall names and numbersfile::listingFile::Listing 3pm 3 1402392730 A - - gz parse directory listingxcb_dri2_connect- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_glx_is_texture- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz inet_ntoa 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz Internet address manipulation routinessyslog 3- 3 3 1402354213 A - - gz send messages to the system loggertc-sample- 8 8 1601484048 A - - gz packet sampling tc actionxcb_glx_pbuffer_clobber_event_t- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz hacking.podHACKING.pod 3pm 3 1439389327 C Test::HACKING - gz systemd-halt.service- 8 8 1711457788 A - - gz System shutdown logicxcb_get_font_path_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz abrt-server- 1 1 1601569733 A - - gz Unix socket for ABRT.quota- 1 1 1319118019 A - - gz display disk usage and limitsmysqlbinlog- 1 1 1697025034 A - t gz utility for processing binary log filesbdftruncate- 1 1 1540918774 A - - gz generate truncated BDF font from ISO 10646-1-encoded BDF fontobj_createOBJ_create 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz ASN1 object utility functionsatof atof 3 atof 3pxcb_input_xi_query_device_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tgammaf 3- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz true gamma functionbn_mul_wordBN_mul_word 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz arithmetic functions on BIGNUMs with integersstrdupa- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz duplicate a stringxdr_pmaplist- 3 3 1402354213 B - - gz library routines for remote procedure callsxcb_glx_get_visual_configs_property_list_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz euca-describe-group- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Show information about security groupsmvprintw- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz print formatted output in curses windowsmozilla::caMozilla::CA 3pm 3 1402359504 A - - gz Mozilla's CA cert bundle in PEM formatdatetime::locale::si_lkDateTime::Locale::si_LK 3pm 3 1402390642 A - - gz strtod 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz convert ASCII string to floating-point numberfilter_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensionsigisemptyset- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz POSIX signal set operations.xxd- 1 1 1720542352 A - - gz make a hexdump or do the reverse.rsa_set_methodRSA_set_method 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz select RSA methodxchangewindowattributesXChangeWindowAttributes 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz change window attributesxtissensitiveXtIsSensitive 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz set and check a widget's sensitivity stateextutils::constant::xsExtUtils::Constant::XS 3pm 3 1698237673 A - - gz generate C code for XS modules' constants.wmemcpy wmemcpy 3 wmemcpy 3pxcb_xv_grab_port_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tanhl 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz hyperbolic tangent functionsmvaddwstr- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz add a string of wide characters to a curses window and advance cursorcrealf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz complex real functionsshm_unlink shm_unlink 3 shm_unlink 3pxcb_big_requests_enable- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz delpart- 8 8 1612283497 A - - gz simple wrapper around the "del partition" ioctlbundle::image::info::everythingBundle::Image::Info::Everything 3pm 3 1402363342 A - - gz complete support for Image::Infothin_delta- 8 8 1605543195 A - - gz Print the differences in the mappings between two thin devices.asn1_generate_nconfASN1_generate_nconf 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz ASN1 generation functionslstat lstat 2 lstat 3preadlink readlink 2 readlink 1 readlink 3pxkbfreegeomoverlayrowsXkbFreeGeomOverlayRows 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Free rows in an overlayeuca-describe-conversion-tasks- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Show information about import operations_tracedump- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses debugging routinesclock_nanosleep 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz high resolution sleep with specifiable clock (ADVANCED REALTIME)xcb_x_print_print_set_context- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz tiffsetfieldTIFFSetField 3tiff 3 1729525165 A - - gz set the value(s) of a tag in a TIFF file open for writingpost_form- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz write or erase forms from associated subwindowseuform-describe-stack-resources- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz List all of the resources in one or more stacksxshapeinputselectedXShapeInputSelected 3 3 1448003986 B - - gz X nonrectangular shape functionsfclangsetequalFcLangSetEqual 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz test for matching langsetsec_key_set_enc_flagsEC_KEY_set_enc_flags 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for creating, destroying and manipulating EC_KEY objects.xquerycolorXQueryColor 3 3 1710950786 A - t gz obtain color valuesui_add_user_dataUI_add_user_data 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz New User Interfacewmempcpy- 3 3 1402354211 A - - gz copy memory areaexpl 3- 3 3 1402354208 B - - gz base-e exponential functiongit-init-db- 1 1 1722330782 A - - gz Creates an empty Git repositoryxtmallocXtMalloc 3 3 1501646833 A - - gz memory management functionsstrcat 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz concatenate two stringsevp_enc_nullEVP_enc_null 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP cipher routinesrand_get_rand_methodRAND_get_rand_method 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz select RAND methodxcmsquerywhiteXcmsQueryWhite 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz obtain black, blue, green, red, and white CCC color specificationssed sed 1p sed 1rndc- 8 8 1725373372 A - - gz name server control utilitylwres_buffer_getmem- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz lightweight resolver buffer managementx509_check_emailX509_check_email 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz X.509 certificate matchinggetrpcbynumber- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz get RPC entryrequest_init- 3 3 824054487 C hosts_access - gz tiffreadrgbaimageTIFFReadRGBAImage 3tiff 3 1729525165 A - - gz read and decode an image into a fixed-format rasterxcb_query_colors_colors- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_set_screen_saver- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz pod::simple::dumpastextPod::Simple::DumpAsText 3pm 3 1402365606 A - - gz - dump Pod-parsing events as textdatetime::locale::ss_zaDateTime::Locale::ss_ZA 3pm 3 1402390641 A - - gz datetime::timezoneDateTime::TimeZone 3pm 3 1565315819 A - - gz Time zone object base class and factoryfreeaddrinfo 3- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz network address and service translationdbix::simpleDBIx::Simple 3pm 3 1402379379 A - - gz Very complete easy-to-use OO interface to DBIsg_ses- 8 8 1585715378 A - - gz access a SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) deviceevp_digestsignfinalEVP_DigestSignFinal 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz EVP signing functionsprojects- 5 5 1601488312 A - - gz persistent project root definitionxcb_input_change_device_dont_propagate_list- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz bsearch 3- 3 3 1402354207 A - - gz binary search of a sorted arrayxtsessionreturntokenXtSessionReturnToken 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz token management for checkpointingform_term- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz set hooks for automatic invocation by applicationsfindmnt- 8 8 1612283497 A - - gz find a filesystemgethostid gethostid 3 gethostid 2 gethostid 3pconf_modules_unloadCONF_modules_unload 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz OpenSSL configuration cleanup functionsldap.conf- 5 5 1695762319 A - - gz LDAP configuration file/environment variablestcl_setstringobjTcl_SetStringObj 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz manipulate Tcl objects as stringsmakedumpfile- 8 8 1623254998 A - - gz make a small dumpfile of kdumpxcb_input_change_feedback_control_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_gettimeTcl_GetTime 3 3 1448008822 A - - gz get date and timetcl_cutchannelTcl_CutChannel 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz procedures for creating and manipulating channelsmsgop- 2 2 1402354205 A - - gz System V message queue operationsperror perror 3 perror 1 perror 3ptap::formatter::colorTAP::Formatter::Color 3pm 3 1439389327 A - - gz Run Perl test scripts with colorqsort_r- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz sort an arrayffsl- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz find first bit set in a wordcrontab crontab 1p crontab 1 crontab 5curses::ui::dialog::progressCurses::UI::Dialog::Progress 3pm 3 1454728582 A - - gz Create and manipulate progress dialogstcl_fsfileattrsgetTcl_FSFileAttrsGet 3 3 1448008822 B - 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- gz Write YAMLish datagit-show-ref- 1 1 1722330783 A - - gz List references in a local repositorysetgrent 3- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz get group file entryxtappgeterrordatabasetextXtAppGetErrorDatabaseText 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz obtain error databasecpanplus::dist::baseCPANPLUS::Dist::Base 3pm 3 1402392266 A - - gz Base class for custom distribution classesfsf-funding-libstdc++-plesk-10.3.0- 7 7 631195200 A - - gz Funding Free Softwaregpl-libstdc++-plesk-10.3.0- 7 7 631195200 A - - gz GNU General Public Licensenfs4_gss_princ_to_grouplist- 3 3 1523419630 C nfs4_uid_to_name - gz reset_prog_mode- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz low-level curses routinesxcb_xc_misc_get_xid_range_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz eulb-create-lb-policy- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Add a new policy to a load balancergit-show- 1 1 1722330783 A - - gz Show various types of objectsxtissubclassXtIsSubclass 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz obtain and verify a widget's classexports- 5 5 1634214566 A - - gz NFS server export tablepcre_fullinfo- 3 3 1501643278 A - - gz Perl-compatible regular expressionssetsid 2- 2 2 1402354206 A - - gz creates a session and sets the process group IDxcb_lookup_color_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_input_list_input_devices_devices_iterator- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz abrt-action-analyze-core- 1 1 1601569733 A - - gz Extracts builds from a core dumplzdiff- 1 1 1655494379 C xzcmp - gz module::build::platform::ebcdicModule::Build::Platform::EBCDIC 3pm 3 1402373049 A - - gz Builder class for EBCDIC platformsclrtoeol- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz clear all or part of a curses windowsetnetent 3- 3 3 1402354212 B - - gz get network entryclog2f- 3 3 1402354208 B - - gz base-2 logarithm of a complex numbersem_destroy 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz destroy an unnamed semaphore (REALTIME)uuencode 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - t gz encode a binary fileui_add_input_booleanUI_add_input_boolean 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz New User Interfacepopen 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz initiate pipe streams to or from a processhunspell 4- 4 4 1601483751 A - - gz format of Hunspell dictionaries and affix filesmrand48 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 B - - gz generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbersxcb_change_keyboard_mapping_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz vdir- 1 1 1605565487 A - - gz list directory contentsmemset 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz set bytes in memoryoptind 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz command option parsingwcscoll- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - - gz wide-character string comparison using collating informationccoshf ccoshf 3 ccoshf 3pxtappsetselectiontimeoutXtAppSetSelectionTimeout 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz set and obtain selection timeout valuesrcmd- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz routines for returning a stream to a remote commanddlclose 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz close a dlopen objectpam_filter- 8 8 1585713588 A - - gz PAM filter modulesem_getvalue sem_getvalue 3 sem_getvalue 3psystemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service- 8 8 1711457788 B - - gz Write audit and utmp updates at bootup, runlevel changes and shutdowndatetime::locale::en_auDateTime::Locale::en_AU 3pm 3 1402390638 A - - gz datetime::locale::aa_etDateTime::Locale::aa_ET 3pm 3 1402390639 A - - gz ssl_ctx_get_client_cert_cbSSL_CTX_get_client_cert_cb 3ssl 3 1699892220 A - - gz handle client certificate callback functiontc-pfifo- 8 8 1601484048 B - - gz Packet limited First In, First Out queuestrtoul 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz convert a string to an unsigned long integerpid- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Retrieve process identifiersoptarg 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz Parse command-line optionsstpcpy- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz copy a string returning a pointer to its endlatin1- 7 7 1402354220 B - t gz ISO 8859-1 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimallcong48 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 B - - gz generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbersremquof remquof 3 remquof 3pdes_modes- 7ssl 7 1699892216 A - - gz the variants of DES and other crypto algorithms of OpenSSLfutex futex 2 futex 7perlxstut- 1 1 1698237671 A - - gz Tutorial for writing XSUBseuca-start-instances- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Start one or more stopped instancestcl_createobjtraceTcl_CreateObjTrace 3 3 1448008821 A - - gz arrange for command execution to be tracedvfychain- 1 1 1709638633 A - - gz vfychain [options] [revocation options] certfile [[options] certfile] ...pthread_attr_getstacksize 3p- 3p 3p 1402354217 A - - gz get and set the stacksize attributexkbkeysymsptrXkbKeySymsPtr 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Returns the pointer to the two-dimensional array of keysyms for the key corresponding to keycodecrypto_get_ex_dataCRYPTO_get_ex_data 3ssl 3 1699892207 A - - gz internal application specific data functionstap::harnessTAP::Harness 3pm 3 1439389327 A - - gz Run test scripts with statisticsdisplayplanesDisplayPlanes 3 3 1710950785 B - - gz Display macros and functionsfcloseall- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz close all open streamsxcb_input_xi_change_cursor_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_glx_get_color_table_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz perlre- 1 1 1698237667 A - - gz Perl regular expressionspod::simple::debugPod::Simple::Debug 3pm 3 1402365606 A - - gz - put Pod::Simple into trace/debug modetiffreversebitsTIFFReverseBits 3tiff 3 1729525165 C TIFFswab - gz git-merge-tree- 1 1 1722330782 A - - gz Show three-way merge without touching indexmysqlslap- 1 1 1697025034 A - - gz a load emulation clientmdig- 1 1 1725373373 A - - gz DNS pipelined lookup utilityperldiag- 1 1 1698237664 A - - gz various Perl diagnosticsssl_session_set_ex_dataSSL_SESSION_set_ex_data 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz internal application specific data functionsftok 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz convert a pathname and a project identifier to a System V IPC keysigemptyset sigemptyset 3 sigemptyset 3pURI 3pm- 3pm 3 1402351652 A - - gz Uniform Resource Identifiers (absolute and relative)fstat 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz get file statusdepmod.d- 5 5 1585709895 A - - gz Configuration directory for depmodtk- n n 1448008912 A - - gz Manipulate Tk internal statesigsuspend 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz wait for a signalsystemd.timer- 5 5 1711457788 A - - gz Timer unit configurationpf2afm- 1 1 1601482853 A - - gz Make an AFM file from Postscript (PFB/PFA/PFM) font files using ghostscriptvsnprintf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 B - - gz format output of a stdarg argument listgpl- 7 7 1547112203 C gpl-libstdc++-plesk-6.3.0 - gz xcb_glx_get_pixel_mapfv_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fclose 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz close a streamcurses::ui::notebookCurses::UI::Notebook 3pm 3 1454728582 A - - gz Create and manipulate notebook widgets.cpanplus::moduleCPANPLUS::Module 3pm 3 1402392266 A - - gz CPAN module objects for CPANPLUSeuca-describe-groups- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Show information about security groupsgit-bisect- 1 1 1722330782 A - - gz Find by binary search the change that introduced a bugerr_get_funcERR_GET_FUNC 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz get library, function and reason codehas_ic- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses environment query routinesphp-cgi- 1 1 1572624386 B - - gz PHP Common Gateway Interface 'CGI' commandec_group_get_curve_nameEC_GROUP_get_curve_name 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for manipulating EC_GROUP objects.cfdisk- 8 8 1612283497 A - - gz display or manipulate disk partition tablexcb_input_get_device_button_mapping_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz crypto_get_new_dynlockidCRYPTO_get_new_dynlockid 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz OpenSSL thread supportzipcmp- 1 1 1331803671 A - - gz compare contents of zip archivesbB 3pm 3 1698237671 A - - gz The Perl Compiler Backendtcl_getchannelthreadTcl_GetChannelThread 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz procedures for creating and manipulating channelsmenu_post- 3x 3 1720626759 A - - gz write or erase menus from associated subwindowslwres_context_sendrecv- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz lightweight resolver context managementextutils::typemaps::outputmapExtUtils::Typemaps::OutputMap 3pm 3 1501652625 A - - gz Entry in the OUTPUT section of a typemapvfwprintf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 B - - gz wide-character formatted output of a stdarg argument listmemcpy 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 A - - gz copy bytes in memoryendservent 3- 3 3 1402354209 A - - gz get service entryencode::configEncode::Config 3pm 3 1402368577 A - - gz - internally used by Encodeaulast- 8 8 1565265960 A - - gz a program similar to lastsigsetops- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz POSIX signal set operations.getsyx- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz low-level curses routinesnanosleep nanosleep 2 nanosleep 3psg_rtpg- 8 8 1585715378 A - - gz send SCSI REPORT TARGET PORT GROUPS commandsigrelse sigrelse 3 sigrelse 3pperlfaq8- 1 1 1698237665 A - - gz System Interactionbzmore- 1 1 1533764347 A - - gz file perusal filter for crt viewing of bzip2 compressed textvmstat- 8 8 1601486472 A - - gz Report virtual memory statisticsxcb_sync_destroy_alarm_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz fputc 3p- 3p 3p 1402354215 A - - gz put a byte on a streamlocale::codes::currencyLocale::Codes::Currency 3pm 3 1402383323 A - - gz standard codes for currency identificationpm-powersave- 8 8 1410891653 A - - gz Put your computer into low power modestringprep_unichar_to_utf8- 3 3 1448125246 A - - gz API functiontemplate::manual::creditsTemplate::Manual::Credits 3pm 3 1402357151 A - - gz Author and contributor creditsreport_centos.conf- 5 5 1585834715 A - - gz configuration file for libreport.journal-remote.conf- 5 5 1711457788 A - - gz Journal remote service configuration fileslgamma 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz log gamma functionscsi_stop- 8 8 1585715378 A - - gz stop (spin down) one or more SCSI disksxcb_shm_get_image_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz compopt- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)key_decryptsession- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz interfaces to rpc keyserver daemonif n- n n 1448008823 A - - gz Execute scripts conditionallyeuare-servercertlistbypath- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz List your account's server certificatesxcb_composite_unredirect_subwindows_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz asinhl 3- 3 3 1402354207 B - - gz inverse hyperbolic sine functionxcb_record_get_context_intercepted_clients_iterator- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xkbfreecomponentlistXkbFreeComponentList 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Free the structure returned by XkbListComponentsdatetime::locale::bo_cnDateTime::Locale::bo_CN 3pm 3 1402390633 A - - gz xkballocgeomshapesXkbAllocGeomShapes 3 3 1710950785 A - - gz Allocate space for an arbitrary number of geometry shapesmkinitrd- 8 8 1601481478 A - - gz is a compat wrapper, which calls dracut to generate an initramfsthin_metadata_size- 8 8 1605543195 A - - gz thin provisioning metadata device/file size calculator.service- 8 8 1605543616 A - - gz run a System V init scripttiffseterrorhandlerTIFFSetErrorHandler 3tiff 3 1729525165 C TIFFError - gz git-difftool- 1 1 1722330780 A - - gz Show changes using common diff toolsperlaix- 1 1 1698237663 A - - gz Perl version 5 on IBM AIX (UNIX) systemslocaltime_r 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz transform date and time to broken-down time or ASCIIxcb_grab_server_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz tcl_fsevalfileexTcl_FSEvalFileEx 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystemseekdir 3- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz set the position of the next readdir() call in the directory stream.catanhf catanhf 3 catanhf 3plwres_gnbaresponse_parse- 3 3 1725373371 B - - gz lightweight resolver getnamebyaddress message handlingtiffdefaultstripsizeTIFFDefaultStripSize 3tiff 3 1729525165 C TIFFstrip - gz xcb_input_xi_set_focus- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz netemNetEm 8 8 1601484048 C tc-netem - gz fchown fchown 2 fchown 3pcopysignf copysignf 3 copysignf 3pecdsa- 3ssl 3 1699892216 A - - gz Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithmscandir- 3 3 1402354213 A - - gz scan a directory for matching entrieswcsrchr wcsrchr 3 wcsrchr 3pisnan 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz floating-point classification macrospam_securetty- 8 8 1585713591 A - - gz Limit root login to special devicesxcb_input_change_device_property_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz bio_get_accept_portBIO_get_accept_port 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz accept BIOxgetwindowpropertyXGetWindowProperty 3 3 1710950786 A - - gz obtain and change window propertiesssl_need_tmp_rsaSSL_need_tmp_rsa 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz handle RSA keys for ephemeral key exchangexcb_randr_query_output_property_reply- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz null- 4 4 1402354219 A - - gz data sinktcl_restoreinterpstateTcl_RestoreInterpState 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz save and restore an interpreter's statexcb_sync_destroy_fence- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz stdout stdout 3 stdout 3ptemplate::toolkitTemplate::Toolkit 3pm 3 1402357151 A - - gz Template Processing Systemd2i_asn1_objectd2i_ASN1_OBJECT 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz ASN1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER functionseuca-upload-bundle- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Upload a bundle prepared by euca-bundle-image to the cloudxcb_glx_get_visual_configs- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz systemd.slice- 5 5 1711457787 A - - gz Slice unit configurationgrub-mknetdir- 1 1 1722985065 C grub2-mknetdir - gz xcb_xv_get_video_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz ssl_ctx_sess_missesSSL_CTX_sess_misses 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz obtain session cache statisticsxcb_grab_button_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz Grab pointer button(s)md5_finalMD5_Final 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz MD2, MD4, and MD5 hash functionsbn_num_bitsBN_num_bits 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz get BIGNUM sizefilter::decryptFilter::decrypt 3pm 3 1402353951 A - - gz template for a decrypt source filterreturn 1- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)tcl_unicharislowerTcl_UniCharIsLower 3 3 1448008823 B - 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- gz unlock a read-write lock objectvswprintf vswprintf 3 vswprintf 3paccept accept 2 accept 3pxcb_query_font_properties_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz query font metricslog1pl 3p- 3p 3p 1402354216 B - - gz compute a natural logarithmxcb_glx_get_error- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz collectd-unixsock- 5 5 1671356063 A - - gz Documentation of collectd's "unixsock plugin"strptime strptime 3 strptime 3psigaddset sigaddset 3 sigaddset 3pdatetime::locale::nr_zaDateTime::Locale::nr_ZA 3pm 3 1402390636 A - - gz remainderf 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz floating-point remainder functionabort 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 A - - gz generate an abnormal process abortcurs_set_sp- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses screen-pointer extensioneuare-oidcproviderdelclientid- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Remove a client ID from an OpenID Connect providertcl_fsfileattrssetTcl_FSFileAttrsSet 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to interact with any filesystemenable- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)cprojf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz complex projection functionstcl_getassocdataTcl_GetAssocData 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz manage associations of string keys and user specified data with Tcl interpreterseuscale-delete-auto-scaling-group- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Delete an auto-scaling groupdh_checkDH_check 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz generate and check Diffie-Hellman parametersperliol- 1 1 1698237666 A - - gz C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers.xcb_render_reference_glyph_set_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz cpupower- 1 1 1730625524 A - - gz Shows and sets processor power related valuesatanh 3- 3 3 1402354207 A - - gz inverse hyperbolic tangent functionxtcallconverterXtCallConverter 3 3 1501646833 B - - gz invoke resource converterslibgen.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 A - - gz definitions for pattern matching functionsregfree 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz POSIX regex functionsgenrsa- 1ssl 1 1699892200 A - - gz generate an RSA private keycbrtf 3p- 3p 3p 1402354214 B - - gz cube root functionsasn1_string_type_newASN1_STRING_type_new 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz ASN1_STRING allocation functionsxml::libxml::patternXML::LibXML::Pattern 3pm 3 1402352994 A - - gz XML::LibXML::Pattern - interface to libxml2 XPath patternsilogbf 3- 3 3 1402354210 B - - gz get integer exponent of a floating-point valuecpupower-idle-set- 1 1 1730625524 A - - gz xgetimageXGetImage 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz transfer imagesssl_conf_ctx_set_ssl_ctxSSL_CONF_CTX_set_ssl_ctx 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz set context to configurexcb_selinux_get_property_use_context_context_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz strcmp 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 A - - gz compare two stringsdatetime::locale::fiDateTime::Locale::fi 3pm 3 1402390639 A - - gz satyr- 1 1 1540929857 A - - gz create and manipulate problem reportssetfilecon- 3 3 1585710994 A - - gz set SELinux security context of a fileversion version 3pm version 1sslnohup 1p- 1p 1p 1402354204 A - - gz invoke a utility immune to hangupsfcpatternadd-typeFcPatternAdd-Type 3 3 1520307172 A - - gz Add a typed value to a patternxml::parser::pureperl::readerXML::Parser::PurePerl::Reader 3pm 3 1402345097 C XML::SAX::PurePerl::Reader - gz grub2-bios-setup- 8 8 1722985065 A - - gz Set up images to boot from a device.xcb_glx_get_compressed_tex_image_arb_data- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcb_copy_colormap_and_free- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz xcb_selinux_set_property_create_context_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz continue 1- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)sha512 SHA512 3ssl sha512 1sslabrt-action-notify- 1 1 1601569733 A - - gz Announces a new occurrence of problem via all accessible channelsnetinet/tcp.h- 0p 0p 1402354203 C tcp.h - gz rsa_signRSA_sign 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz RSA signaturesrestartterm- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses interfaces to terminfo databasexcb_xinerama_get_screen_size_unchecked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz ec_point_get_jprojective_coordinates_gfpEC_POINT_get_Jprojective_coordinates_GFp 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for creating, destroying and manipulating EC_POINT objects.avc_context_to_sid- 3 3 1585710994 A - - gz obtain and manipulate SELinux security ID'sgsignal- 3 3 1402354212 A - - gz software signal facilityxcb_input_send_extension_event- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz config::tinyConfig::Tiny 3pm 3 1402370400 A - - gz Read/Write .ini style files with as little code as possibleec_key_get_enc_flagsEC_KEY_get_enc_flags 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz Functions for creating, destroying and manipulating EC_KEY objects.pod::perldoc::basetoPod::Perldoc::BaseTo 3pm 3 1402388268 A - - gz Base for Pod::Perldoc formattersxcb_xkb_get_device_info_btn_actions_length- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xdbegetvisualinfoXdbeGetVisualInfo 3 3 1448003986 A - - gz Get dbe Visual Informationsckfree- 3 3 1448008821 B - - gz allocate or free heap memoryslk_refresh- 3x 3 1720626759 B - - gz curses soft label routinesxcb_selinux_set_device_create_context_checked- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz xcheckmaskeventXCheckMaskEvent 3 3 1710950786 B - - gz select events by type_longjmp- 3p 3p 1402354213 B - - gz non-local gotoxcb_composite_unredirect_subwindows- 3 3 1540917640 A - - gz re_exec- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz BSD regex functionsunsetenv 3p- 3p 3p 1402354219 A - 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- gz Generate SAX events from a LibXML treeevp_encodeinitEVP_EncodeInit 3ssl 3 1721417624 A - - gz EVP base 64 encode/decode routineserror error 3 Error 3pm error nxcb_glx_get_doublev_data_end- 3 3 1540917640 B - - gz compgen- 1 1 1637771605 B - - gz bash built-in commands, see bash(1)euscale-terminate-instance-in-auto-scaling-group- 1 1 1484780705 A - - gz Manually terminate an auto-scaling instanceTemplate::Tools::ttree 3pm- 3pm 3 1402357151 A - - gz Process entire directory trees of templatessetstate 3p- 3p 3p 1402354218 B - - gz pseudo-random number functionsfprintf 3- 3 3 1402354209 B - - gz formatted output conversiondhclient.leases- 5 5 1718116541 A - - gz DHCP client lease databasengettext ngettext 3 ngettext 1pthread_attr_getschedpolicy 3- 3 3 1402354211 B - - gz set/get scheduling policy attribute in thread attributes objecttcl_opentcpclientTcl_OpenTcpClient 3 3 1448008822 B - - gz procedures to open channels using TCP socketsdsa_verifyDSA_verify 3ssl 3 1721417624 B - - gz DSA signatureseuca-describe-instances- 1 1 1484780705 A - 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- gz riepiloga gli accessi più recenti di tutti gli utenti o dell'utente datovigr- 8 8 1565319052 B - - gz modifica i file delle password, dei gruppi, delle password shadow o dei gruppi shadowgroupdel- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz rimuove un gruppocatman- 8 8 1540931193 A - - gz crea o aggiorna le pagine di manuale preformattate$mtime$1722063410usermod- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz modifica l'account di un utentegrpck- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz verifica l'integrità dei file dei gruppiex- 1 1 1722022359 B - - gz VI Migliorato, un editor di testi per programmatorirview- 1 1 1722022359 B - - gz VI Migliorato, un editor di testi per programmatorigshadow- 5 5 1565319052 A - - gz file shadow per i gruppichage- 1 1 1565319052 A - - gz cambia le informazioni sulla scadenza della passwordgroupmems- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz membri amministratori del gruppo primario dell'utenteview- 1 1 1722022359 B - - gz VI Migliorato, un editor di testi per programmatorimanpath 1- 1 1 1540931193 A - - gz determina il percorso di ricerca delle pagine di manualesg- 1 1 1565319052 A - - gz esegue un comando con un diverso ID di gruppomandb- 8 8 1540931193 A - t gz crea o aggiorna le cache index delle pagine di manualemanpath 5- 5 5 1540931193 A - - gz formato del file /etc/man_db.confstart-stop-daemon- 8 8 1642076111 A - - gz avvia e ferma i programmi demone di sistemavimdiff- 1 1 1720542353 A - - gz modifica due, tre o quattro versioni di un file con Vim, visualizzando le differenzepwck- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz verifica l'integrità dei file delle passwordnewusers- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz aggiorna e crea nuovi utenti in bloccoadduser- 8 8 1565319054 B - - gz crea un nuovo utente o aggiorna le informazioni predefinite per i nuovi utentivipw- 8 8 1565319052 A - - gz modifica i file delle password, dei gruppi, delle password shadow o dei gruppi shadowshadow 5- 5 5 1565319052 A - - gz file delle password shadowPK!7Nsv/CACHEDIR.TAGnu[Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55 # This file is a cache directory tag created by man-db. # For information about cache directory tags, see: # http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/ PK!F0@@ sv/index.dbnu[ϚW @ \7b[dpkg0Misuzgroue0 ,֯Ruser0JsU$ver0 vshad0;'bggets>1 e_=pam_g1.sdgrou1 A (dpkg1 A+i"dpkg42C?newg21:gdpkg2 :Wsssd3>Ulast_3X]sdpkg3 FIvigr4YI groun4 +Cr$mti4 : grpc4@Lcjwho46ogsha85+xc chagk5NV 3grou5 Rdpkg6 EY:;eapro:W]sdpkg: YIvigrD;`I grou; 69Ocatm;WCr$mtiF< 2userY<B: grpc<W Iiex=R2rvieU=RWVmanc=xc chag<>Z~manp> T[view>RY S] grout>Dm-%slat> LIvigr1?Pethe?KLg0nano@XI grou]@ .9Ocatm@VCr$mti? 2user@9: grpc2A\XunanoAT IiexAK}2Nifco=B <2rvieBKWVmancBPogsha+C@xc chagsCS3arpC<V 3grou D V[viewlDK~manpD XdpkgE OY> ,pthr2eZao#getfe /q'getge /9.optif5i!/feseVfIcf.sqrtf/<.memsf;hL&cuse%g't"fmafTg:TA%wcsngA$&opengR2.clon@h1+mq_txhANno#expmh.Db+ccish6/pute;i@}"tgami.l,#fcloi)c-mkosi 9 pthr*j (N"log1[j7"O#atolj9EĎ(cataj/%fini kF- readZk+F#conjk:2*inetkA8.cbrtf-I7sigh.)1hsea0C=(tcdr\l_!asinl,-\!pthrlO"ks(atanZm/c$isxdm <T!scalm_)6rind50z+memc:n+9:-ftimmn/l#crypn7(5pthrCS2cbc_ .8getl 38;?crea&Db_,statn*;copypHcK-sinho3& flooHoK|>memp 56pthrS=yv9clogs@m5fsta 5'argzo;&!cata:V&ftryB .P)sran}2 logbAw*expm.`t;sock15pape2  @׿;eran| O-(strx30հ6envz  5Z scalkTDX)log1DZ7$regc0/O#asin=;J*adjtK&*mlocҲ1쳹%fwri 5#e'iperE;e4sinh 3t15fmodJ <0)memp+,!atan/!!geto5?ƨ"wcpc*W]}&getc 87.endpɴ 2{&mq_u [g$jnf'=A/sendh =P(fnma59Y!cfse _Ya$fopeV0PJ1gets  B"a64l;9e,llro̶C`_ opto5r (mranS [/tanh6$(exp17EX"caco2-.strnf.-clog@]+towl @]$tcge* _-__fw =-(fput۹;z[H$ilogI!,modfkcߡ!fcvtӺF?+aide ^r*name 7#4iswc  8̴?dayl  A mbstȻ P$fmod!<9dremb <erf );#fdop +Y5++fgetx*locaڽ =mh?strc .!iswp J,y&wcsnsU*getpо?6-rexe <S4&creaZ<!rege0gQ(lcon [".sigge )[,ntohMp&seedO),fanoB 7v!fope 2.(tanh6bv,newf *@hr-fget0CU)bsd_z =P&strt G pthrC..inetk A><"sinӿ(K(lldiP<)__frl =C"dirf ?a,casiQ+!strt 4du+ilogIf)mblePcatanhl- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz complex arc tangents hyperbolicftrylockfile- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz lock FILE for stdiosrandom- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz random number generatorlogbf- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz get exponent of a floating-point valueexpm1f- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz exponential minus 1strxfrm- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz string transformationscalbln- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz multiply floating-point number by integral power of radixlog1pf- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz logarithm of 1 plus argumentregcomp- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz POSIX regex functionsasinhl- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz inverse hyperbolic sine functionadjtime- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz correct the time to synchronize the system clockmlock- 2 2 1601484910 A - - gz lock and unlock memoryfwrite- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz binary stream input/outputiperf3- 1 1 1601484909 A - - gz perform network throughput testsmempcpy- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz copy memory areaatan- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz arc tangent functiongetopt- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz Parse command-line optionswcpcpy- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz copy a wide-character string, returning a pointer to its endgetcwd 3- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz get current working directoryendpwent- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz get password file entrymq_unlink mq_unlink 3 mq_unlink 2jnf- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz Bessel functions of the first kindsendmmsg- 2 2 1601484910 A - - gz send multiple messages on a socketfnmatch- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz match filename or pathnamecfsetospeed- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz get and set terminal attributes, line control, get and set baud ratefopen- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz stream open functionsa64l- 3 3 1601485076 A - t gz convert between long and base-64llround- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz round to nearest integer, away from zerooptopt- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz Parse command-line optionsmrand48_r- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers reentrantlytanhf- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz hyperbolic tangent functionexp10l- 3 3 1601485076 B - t gz base-10 exponential functioncacosl- 3 3 1601485076 B - 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Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "DES_MODES 7" .TH DES_MODES 7 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" des_modes \- the variants of DES and other crypto algorithms of OpenSSL .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" Several crypto algorithms for OpenSSL can be used in a number of modes. Those are used for using block ciphers in a way similar to stream ciphers, among other things. .SH "OVERVIEW" .IX Header "OVERVIEW" .SS "Electronic Codebook Mode (\s-1ECB\s0)" .IX Subsection "Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB)" Normally, this is found as the function \fIalgorithm\fR\fI_ecb_encrypt()\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 64 bits are enciphered at a time. .IP "\(bu" 2 The order of the blocks can be rearranged without detection. .IP "\(bu" 2 The same plaintext block always produces the same ciphertext block (for the same key) making it vulnerable to a 'dictionary attack'. .IP "\(bu" 2 An error will only affect one ciphertext block. .SS "Cipher Block Chaining Mode (\s-1CBC\s0)" .IX Subsection "Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC)" Normally, this is found as the function \fIalgorithm\fR\fI_cbc_encrypt()\fR. Be aware that \fIdes_cbc_encrypt()\fR is not really \s-1DES CBC \s0(it does not update the \s-1IV\s0); use \fIdes_ncbc_encrypt()\fR instead. .IP "\(bu" 2 a multiple of 64 bits are enciphered at a time. .IP "\(bu" 2 The \s-1CBC\s0 mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable. .IP "\(bu" 2 The chaining operation makes the ciphertext blocks dependent on the current and all preceding plaintext blocks and therefore blocks can not be rearranged. .IP "\(bu" 2 The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext enciphering to the same ciphertext. .IP "\(bu" 2 An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext blocks. .SS "Cipher Feedback Mode (\s-1CFB\s0)" .IX Subsection "Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB)" Normally, this is found as the function \fIalgorithm\fR\fI_cfb_encrypt()\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time. .IP "\(bu" 2 The \s-1CFB\s0 mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable. .IP "\(bu" 2 The chaining operation makes the ciphertext variables dependent on the current and all preceding variables and therefore j\-bit variables are chained together and can not be rearranged. .IP "\(bu" 2 The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext enciphering to the same ciphertext. .IP "\(bu" 2 The strength of the \s-1CFB\s0 mode depends on the size of k (maximal if j == k). In my implementation this is always the case. .IP "\(bu" 2 Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause greater processing overheads. .IP "\(bu" 2 Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered. .IP "\(bu" 2 An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext variables. .SS "Output Feedback Mode (\s-1OFB\s0)" .IX Subsection "Output Feedback Mode (OFB)" Normally, this is found as the function \fIalgorithm\fR\fI_ofb_encrypt()\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time. .IP "\(bu" 2 The \s-1OFB\s0 mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same plaintext enciphered using the same key and starting variable. More over, in the \s-1OFB\s0 mode the same key stream is produced when the same key and start variable are used. Consequently, for security reasons a specific start variable should be used only once for a given key. .IP "\(bu" 2 The absence of chaining makes the \s-1OFB\s0 more vulnerable to specific attacks. .IP "\(bu" 2 The use of different start variables values prevents the same plaintext enciphering to the same ciphertext, by producing different key streams. .IP "\(bu" 2 Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause greater processing overheads. .IP "\(bu" 2 Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered. .IP "\(bu" 2 \&\s-1OFB\s0 mode of operation does not extend ciphertext errors in the resultant plaintext output. Every bit error in the ciphertext causes only one bit to be in error in the deciphered plaintext. .IP "\(bu" 2 \&\s-1OFB\s0 mode is not self-synchronizing. If the two operation of encipherment and decipherment get out of synchronism, the system needs to be re-initialized. .IP "\(bu" 2 Each re-initialization should use a value of the start variable different from the start variable values used before with the same key. The reason for this is that an identical bit stream would be produced each time from the same parameters. This would be susceptible to a 'known plaintext' attack. .SS "Triple \s-1ECB\s0 Mode" .IX Subsection "Triple ECB Mode" Normally, this is found as the function \fIalgorithm\fR\fI_ecb3_encrypt()\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and encrypt with key3 again. .IP "\(bu" 2 As for \s-1ECB\s0 encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits. There are theoretic attacks that can be used that make the effective key length 112 bits, but this attack also requires 2^56 blocks of memory, not very likely, even for the \s-1NSA.\s0 .IP "\(bu" 2 If both keys are the same it is equivalent to encrypting once with just one key. .IP "\(bu" 2 If the first and last key are the same, the key length is 112 bits. There are attacks that could reduce the effective key strength to only slightly more than 56 bits, but these require a lot of memory. .IP "\(bu" 2 If all 3 keys are the same, this is effectively the same as normal ecb mode. .SS "Triple \s-1CBC\s0 Mode" .IX Subsection "Triple CBC Mode" Normally, this is found as the function \fIalgorithm\fR\fI_ede3_cbc_encrypt()\fR. .IP "\(bu" 2 Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and then encrypt with key3. .IP "\(bu" 2 As for \s-1CBC\s0 encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits with the same restrictions as for triple ecb mode. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" This text was been written in large parts by Eric Young in his original documentation for SSLeay, the predecessor of OpenSSL. In turn, he attributed it to: .PP .Vb 5 \& AS 2805.5.2 \& Australian Standard \& Electronic funds transfer \- Requirements for interfaces, \& Part 5.2: Modes of operation for an n\-bit block cipher algorithm \& Appendix A .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIblowfish\fR\|(3), \fIdes\fR\|(3), \fIidea\fR\|(3), \&\fIrc2\fR\|(3) PK![  man1/gendsa.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "GENDSA 1" .TH GENDSA 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" gendsa \- generate a DSA private key from a set of parameters .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgendsa\fR [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-aes128\fR] [\fB\-aes192\fR] [\fB\-aes256\fR] [\fB\-camellia128\fR] [\fB\-camellia192\fR] [\fB\-camellia256\fR] [\fB\-des\fR] [\fB\-des3\fR] [\fB\-idea\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fBparamfile\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBgendsa\fR command generates a \s-1DSA\s0 private key from a \s-1DSA\s0 parameter file (which will be typically generated by the \fBopenssl dsaparam\fR command). .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-aes128|\-aes192|\-aes256|\-camellia128|\-camellia192|\-camellia256|\-des|\-des3|\-idea\fR" 4 .IX Item "-aes128|-aes192|-aes256|-camellia128|-camellia192|-camellia256|-des|-des3|-idea" These options encrypt the private key with specified cipher before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified no encryption is used. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgendsa\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fBparamfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "paramfile" This option specifies the \s-1DSA\s0 parameter file to use. The parameters in this file determine the size of the private key. \s-1DSA\s0 parameters can be generated and examined using the \fBopenssl dsaparam\fR command. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\s-1DSA\s0 key generation is little more than random number generation so it is much quicker that \s-1RSA\s0 key generation for example. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIdsaparam\fR\|(1), \fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIrsa\fR\|(1) PK!k`man1/speed.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "SPEED 1" .TH SPEED 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" speed \- test library performance .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl speed\fR [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fB\-elapsed\fR] [\fB\-evp algo\fR] [\fB\-decrypt\fR] [\fBmd2\fR] [\fBmdc2\fR] [\fBmd5\fR] [\fBhmac\fR] [\fBsha1\fR] [\fBrmd160\fR] [\fBidea-cbc\fR] [\fBrc2\-cbc\fR] [\fBrc5\-cbc\fR] [\fBbf-cbc\fR] [\fBdes-cbc\fR] [\fBdes\-ede3\fR] [\fBrc4\fR] [\fBrsa512\fR] [\fBrsa1024\fR] [\fBrsa2048\fR] [\fBrsa4096\fR] [\fBdsa512\fR] [\fBdsa1024\fR] [\fBdsa2048\fR] [\fBidea\fR] [\fBrc2\fR] [\fBdes\fR] [\fBrsa\fR] [\fBblowfish\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" This command is used to test the performance of cryptographic algorithms. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBspeed\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fB\-elapsed\fR" 4 .IX Item "-elapsed" Measure time in real time instead of \s-1CPU\s0 time. It can be useful when testing speed of hardware engines. .IP "\fB\-evp algo\fR" 4 .IX Item "-evp algo" Use the specified cipher or message digest algorithm via the \s-1EVP\s0 interface. .IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-decrypt" Time the decryption instead of encryption. Affects only the \s-1EVP\s0 testing. .IP "\fB[zero or more test algorithms]\fR" 4 .IX Item "[zero or more test algorithms]" If any options are given, \fBspeed\fR tests those algorithms, otherwise all of the above are tested. PK!l{.+&+&man1/ecparam.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "ECPARAM 1" .TH ECPARAM 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" ecparam \- EC parameter manipulation and generation .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl ecparam\fR [\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-C\fR] [\fB\-check\fR] [\fB\-name arg\fR] [\fB\-list_curves\fR] [\fB\-conv_form arg\fR] [\fB\-param_enc arg\fR] [\fB\-no_seed\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-genkey\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" This command is used to manipulate or generate \s-1EC\s0 parameter files. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN.1 DER\s0 encoded form compatible with \s-1RFC 3279\s0 EcpkParameters. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" This option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" This option prints out the \s-1EC\s0 parameters in human readable form. .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4 .IX Item "-C" This option converts the \s-1EC\s0 parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the \fB\f(BIget_ec_group_XXX()\fB\fR function. .IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4 .IX Item "-check" Validate the elliptic curve parameters. .IP "\fB\-name arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-name arg" Use the \s-1EC\s0 parameters with the specified 'short' name. Use \fB\-list_curves\fR to get a list of all currently implemented \s-1EC\s0 parameters. .IP "\fB\-list_curves\fR" 4 .IX Item "-list_curves" If this options is specified \fBecparam\fR will print out a list of all currently implemented \s-1EC\s0 parameters names and exit. .IP "\fB\-conv_form\fR" 4 .IX Item "-conv_form" This specifies how the points on the elliptic curve are converted into octet strings. Possible values are: \fBcompressed\fR (the default value), \fBuncompressed\fR and \fBhybrid\fR. For more information regarding the point conversion forms please read the X9.62 standard. \&\fBNote\fR Due to patent issues the \fBcompressed\fR option is disabled by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro \fB\s-1OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP\s0\fR at compile time. .IP "\fB\-param_enc arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-param_enc arg" This specifies how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded. Possible value are: \fBnamed_curve\fR, i.e. the ec parameters are specified by a \s-1OID,\s0 or \fBexplicit\fR where the ec parameters are explicitly given (see \s-1RFC 3279\s0 for the definition of the \&\s-1EC\s0 parameters structures). The default value is \fBnamed_curve\fR. \&\fBNote\fR the \fBimplicitlyCA\fR alternative ,as specified in \s-1RFC 3279,\s0 is currently not implemented in OpenSSL. .IP "\fB\-no_seed\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_seed" This option inhibits that the 'seed' for the parameter generation is included in the ECParameters structure (see \s-1RFC 3279\s0). .IP "\fB\-genkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "-genkey" This option will generate a \s-1EC\s0 private key using the specified parameters. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBecparam\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1EC\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN EC PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END EC PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP OpenSSL is currently not able to generate new groups and therefore \&\fBecparam\fR can only create \s-1EC\s0 parameters from known (named) curves. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" To create \s-1EC\s0 parameters with the group 'prime192v1': .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ecparam \-out ec_param.pem \-name prime192v1 .Ve .PP To create \s-1EC\s0 parameters with explicit parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ecparam \-out ec_param.pem \-name prime192v1 \-param_enc explicit .Ve .PP To validate given \s-1EC\s0 parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ecparam \-in ec_param.pem \-check .Ve .PP To create \s-1EC\s0 parameters and a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ecparam \-out ec_key.pem \-name prime192v1 \-genkey .Ve .PP To change the point encoding to 'compressed': .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ecparam \-in ec_in.pem \-out ec_out.pem \-conv_form compressed .Ve .PP To print out the \s-1EC\s0 parameters to standard output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ecparam \-in ec_param.pem \-noout \-text .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIec\fR\|(1), \fIdsaparam\fR\|(1) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The ecparam command was first introduced in OpenSSL 0.9.8. .SH "AUTHOR" .IX Header "AUTHOR" Nils Larsch for the OpenSSL project (http://www.openssl.org) PK!{((man1/dgst.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "DGST 1" .TH DGST 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" dgst, sha, sha1, mdc2, ripemd160, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, md2, md4, md5, dss1 \- message digests .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBdgst\fR [\fB\-sha|\-sha1|\-mdc2|\-ripemd160|\-sha224|\-sha256|\-sha384|\-sha512|\-md2|\-md4|\-md5|\-dss1\fR] [\fB\-c\fR] [\fB\-d\fR] [\fB\-hex\fR] [\fB\-binary\fR] [\fB\-r\fR] [\fB\-non\-fips\-allow\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-sign filename\fR] [\fB\-keyform arg\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-verify filename\fR] [\fB\-prverify filename\fR] [\fB\-signature filename\fR] [\fB\-hmac key\fR] [\fB\-non\-fips\-allow\fR] [\fB\-fips\-fingerprint\fR] [\fBfile...\fR] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR [\fIdigest\fR] [\fB...\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The digest functions output the message digest of a supplied file or files in hexadecimal. The digest functions also generate and verify digital signatures using message digests. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-c\fR" 4 .IX Item "-c" print out the digest in two digit groups separated by colons, only relevant if \&\fBhex\fR format output is used. .IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4 .IX Item "-d" print out \s-1BIO\s0 debugging information. .IP "\fB\-hex\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hex" digest is to be output as a hex dump. This is the default case for a \*(L"normal\*(R" digest as opposed to a digital signature. See \s-1NOTES\s0 below for digital signatures using \fB\-hex\fR. .IP "\fB\-binary\fR" 4 .IX Item "-binary" output the digest or signature in binary form. .IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4 .IX Item "-r" output the digest in the \*(L"coreutils\*(R" format used by programs like \fBsha1sum\fR. .IP "\fB\-non\-fips\-allow\fR" 4 .IX Item "-non-fips-allow" Allow use of non \s-1FIPS\s0 digest when in \s-1FIPS\s0 mode. This has no effect when not in \&\s-1FIPS\s0 mode. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" filename to output to, or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-sign filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign filename" digitally sign the digest using the private key in \*(L"filename\*(R". .IP "\fB\-keyform arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform arg" Specifies the key format to sign digest with. The \s-1DER, PEM, P12,\s0 and \s-1ENGINE\s0 formats are supported. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" Use engine \fBid\fR for operations (including private key storage). This engine is not used as source for digest algorithms, unless it is also specified in the configuration file. .IP "\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sigopt nm:v" Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations. Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-verify filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify filename" verify the signature using the the public key in \*(L"filename\*(R". The output is either \*(L"Verification \s-1OK\*(R"\s0 or \*(L"Verification Failure\*(R". .IP "\fB\-prverify filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-prverify filename" verify the signature using the the private key in \*(L"filename\*(R". .IP "\fB\-signature filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signature filename" the actual signature to verify. .IP "\fB\-hmac key\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hmac key" create a hashed \s-1MAC\s0 using \*(L"key\*(R". .IP "\fB\-mac alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-mac alg" create \s-1MAC \s0(keyed Message Authentication Code). The most popular \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm is \s-1HMAC \s0(hash-based \s-1MAC\s0), but there are other \s-1MAC\s0 algorithms which are not based on hash, for instance \fBgost-mac\fR algorithm, supported by \fBccgost\fR engine. \s-1MAC\s0 keys and other options should be set via \fB\-macopt\fR parameter. .IP "\fB\-macopt nm:v\fR" 4 .IX Item "-macopt nm:v" Passes options to \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm, specified by \fB\-mac\fR key. Following options are supported by both by \fB\s-1HMAC\s0\fR and \fBgost-mac\fR: .RS 4 .IP "\fBkey:string\fR" 8 .IX Item "key:string" Specifies \s-1MAC\s0 key as alphnumeric string (use if key contain printable characters only). String length must conform to any restrictions of the \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm for example exactly 32 chars for gost-mac. .IP "\fBhexkey:string\fR" 8 .IX Item "hexkey:string" Specifies \s-1MAC\s0 key in hexadecimal form (two hex digits per byte). Key length must conform to any restrictions of the \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm for example exactly 32 chars for gost-mac. .RE .RS 4 .RE .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-non\-fips\-allow\fR" 4 .IX Item "-non-fips-allow" enable use of non-FIPS algorithms such as \s-1MD5\s0 even in \s-1FIPS\s0 mode. .IP "\fB\-fips\-fingerprint\fR" 4 .IX Item "-fips-fingerprint" compute \s-1HMAC\s0 using a specific key for certain OpenSSL-FIPS operations. .IP "\fBfile...\fR" 4 .IX Item "file..." file or files to digest. If no files are specified then standard input is used. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" To create a hex-encoded message digest of a file: openssl dgst \-md5 \-hex file.txt .PP To sign a file using \s-1SHA\-256\s0 with binary file output: openssl dgst \-sha256 \-sign privatekey.pem \-out signature.sign file.txt .PP To verify a signature: openssl dgst \-sha256 \-verify publickey.pem \e \-signature signature.sign \e file.txt .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The digest of choice for all new applications is \s-1SHA1.\s0 Other digests are however still widely used. .PP When signing a file, \fBdgst\fR will automatically determine the algorithm (\s-1RSA, ECC,\s0 etc) to use for signing based on the private key's \s-1ASN.1\s0 info. When verifying signatures, it only handles the \s-1RSA, DSA,\s0 or \s-1ECDSA\s0 signature itself, not the related data to identify the signer and algorithm used in formats such as x.509, \s-1CMS,\s0 and S/MIME. .PP A source of random numbers is required for certain signing algorithms, in particular \s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1DSA.\s0 .PP The signing and verify options should only be used if a single file is being signed or verified. .PP Hex signatures cannot be verified using \fBopenssl\fR. Instead, use \*(L"xxd \-r\*(R" or similar program to transform the hex signature into a binary signature prior to verification. PK!bS [z[zman1/ciphers.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. 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Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" ciphers \- SSL cipher display and cipher list tool. .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBciphers\fR [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-V\fR] [\fB\-ssl2\fR] [\fB\-ssl3\fR] [\fB\-tls1\fR] [\fBcipherlist\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBciphers\fR command converts textual OpenSSL cipher lists into ordered \&\s-1SSL\s0 cipher preference lists. It can be used as a test tool to determine the appropriate cipherlist. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v" Verbose option. List ciphers with a complete description of protocol version (SSLv2 or SSLv3; the latter includes \s-1TLS\s0), key exchange, authentication, encryption and mac algorithms used along with any key size restrictions and whether the algorithm is classed as an \*(L"export\*(R" cipher. Note that without the \fB\-v\fR option, ciphers may seem to appear twice in a cipher list; this is when similar ciphers are available for \&\s-1SSL\s0 v2 and for \s-1SSL\s0 v3/TLS v1. .IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4 .IX Item "-V" Like \fB\-v\fR, but include cipher suite codes in output (hex format). .IP "\fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ssl3, -tls1" This lists ciphers compatible with any of SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1 or TLSv1.2. .IP "\fB\-ssl2\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ssl2" Only include SSLv2 ciphers. .IP "\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-?\fR" 4 .IX Item "-h, -?" Print a brief usage message. .IP "\fBcipherlist\fR" 4 .IX Item "cipherlist" A cipher list to convert to a cipher preference list. If it is not included then the default cipher list will be used. The format is described below. .SH "CIPHER LIST FORMAT" .IX Header "CIPHER LIST FORMAT" The cipher list consists of one or more \fIcipher strings\fR separated by colons. Commas or spaces are also acceptable separators but colons are normally used. .PP The actual cipher string can take several different forms. .PP It can consist of a single cipher suite such as \fB\s-1RC4\-SHA\s0\fR. .PP It can represent a list of cipher suites containing a certain algorithm, or cipher suites of a certain type. For example \fB\s-1SHA1\s0\fR represents all ciphers suites using the digest algorithm \s-1SHA1\s0 and \fBSSLv3\fR represents all \s-1SSL\s0 v3 algorithms. .PP Lists of cipher suites can be combined in a single cipher string using the \&\fB+\fR character. This is used as a logical \fBand\fR operation. For example \&\fB\s-1SHA1+DES\s0\fR represents all cipher suites containing the \s-1SHA1 \s0\fBand\fR the \s-1DES\s0 algorithms. .PP Each cipher string can be optionally preceded by the characters \fB!\fR, \&\fB\-\fR or \fB+\fR. .PP If \fB!\fR is used then the ciphers are permanently deleted from the list. The ciphers deleted can never reappear in the list even if they are explicitly stated. .PP If \fB\-\fR is used then the ciphers are deleted from the list, but some or all of the ciphers can be added again by later options. .PP If \fB+\fR is used then the ciphers are moved to the end of the list. This option doesn't add any new ciphers it just moves matching existing ones. .PP If none of these characters is present then the string is just interpreted as a list of ciphers to be appended to the current preference list. If the list includes any ciphers already present they will be ignored: that is they will not moved to the end of the list. .PP Additionally the cipher string \fB\f(CB@STRENGTH\fB\fR can be used at any point to sort the current cipher list in order of encryption algorithm key length. .SH "CIPHER STRINGS" .IX Header "CIPHER STRINGS" The following is a list of all permitted cipher strings and their meanings. .IP "\fB\s-1DEFAULT\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "DEFAULT" The default cipher list. This is determined at compile time and is normally \&\fB\s-1ALL:\s0!EXPORT:!LOW:!aNULL:!eNULL:!SSLv2\fR. When used, this must be the first cipherstring specified. .IP "\fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT" the ciphers included in \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR, but not enabled by default. Currently this is \fB\s-1ADH\s0\fR and \fB\s-1AECDH\s0\fR. Note that this rule does not cover \fBeNULL\fR, which is not included by \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR (use \fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFALL\s0\fR if necessary). .IP "\fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "ALL" all cipher suites except the \fBeNULL\fR ciphers which must be explicitly enabled; as of OpenSSL, the \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR cipher suites are reasonably ordered by default .IP "\fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFALL\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "COMPLEMENTOFALL" the cipher suites not enabled by \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR, currently being \fBeNULL\fR. .IP "\fB\s-1HIGH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "HIGH" \&\*(L"high\*(R" encryption cipher suites. This currently means those with key lengths larger than 128 bits, and some cipher suites with 128\-bit keys. .IP "\fB\s-1MEDIUM\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "MEDIUM" \&\*(L"medium\*(R" encryption cipher suites, currently some of those using 128 bit encryption. .IP "\fB\s-1LOW\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "LOW" Low strength encryption cipher suites, currently those using 64 or 56 bit encryption algorithms but excluding export cipher suites. As of OpenSSL 1.0.2g, these are disabled in default builds. .IP "\fB\s-1EXP\s0\fR, \fB\s-1EXPORT\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "EXP, EXPORT" Export strength encryption algorithms. Including 40 and 56 bits algorithms. As of OpenSSL 1.0.2g, these are disabled in default builds. .IP "\fB\s-1EXPORT40\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "EXPORT40" 40\-bit export encryption algorithms As of OpenSSL 1.0.2g, these are disabled in default builds. .IP "\fB\s-1EXPORT56\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "EXPORT56" 56\-bit export encryption algorithms. In OpenSSL 0.9.8c and later the set of 56 bit export ciphers is empty unless OpenSSL has been explicitly configured with support for experimental ciphers. As of OpenSSL 1.0.2g, these are disabled in default builds. .IP "\fBeNULL\fR, \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "eNULL, NULL" The \*(L"\s-1NULL\*(R"\s0 ciphers that is those offering no encryption. Because these offer no encryption at all and are a security risk they are not enabled via either the \&\fB\s-1DEFAULT\s0\fR or \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR cipher strings. Be careful when building cipherlists out of lower-level primitives such as \&\fBkRSA\fR or \fBaECDSA\fR as these do overlap with the \fBeNULL\fR ciphers. When in doubt, include \fB!eNULL\fR in your cipherlist. .IP "\fBaNULL\fR" 4 .IX Item "aNULL" The cipher suites offering no authentication. This is currently the anonymous \&\s-1DH\s0 algorithms and anonymous \s-1ECDH\s0 algorithms. These cipher suites are vulnerable to a \*(L"man in the middle\*(R" attack and so their use is normally discouraged. These are excluded from the \fB\s-1DEFAULT\s0\fR ciphers, but included in the \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR ciphers. Be careful when building cipherlists out of lower-level primitives such as \&\fBkDHE\fR or \fB\s-1AES\s0\fR as these do overlap with the \fBaNULL\fR ciphers. When in doubt, include \fB!aNULL\fR in your cipherlist. .IP "\fBkRSA\fR, \fB\s-1RSA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "kRSA, RSA" cipher suites using \s-1RSA\s0 key exchange. .IP "\fBkDHr\fR, \fBkDHd\fR, \fBkDH\fR" 4 .IX Item "kDHr, kDHd, kDH" cipher suites using \s-1DH\s0 key agreement and \s-1DH\s0 certificates signed by CAs with \s-1RSA\s0 and \s-1DSS\s0 keys or either respectively. .IP "\fBkDHE\fR, \fBkEDH\fR" 4 .IX Item "kDHE, kEDH" cipher suites using ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 key agreement, including anonymous cipher suites. .IP "\fB\s-1DHE\s0\fR, \fB\s-1EDH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "DHE, EDH" cipher suites using authenticated ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 key agreement. .IP "\fB\s-1ADH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "ADH" anonymous \s-1DH\s0 cipher suites, note that this does not include anonymous Elliptic Curve \s-1DH \s0(\s-1ECDH\s0) cipher suites. .IP "\fB\s-1DH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "DH" cipher suites using \s-1DH,\s0 including anonymous \s-1DH,\s0 ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 and fixed \s-1DH.\s0 .IP "\fBkECDHr\fR, \fBkECDHe\fR, \fBkECDH\fR" 4 .IX Item "kECDHr, kECDHe, kECDH" cipher suites using fixed \s-1ECDH\s0 key agreement signed by CAs with \s-1RSA\s0 and \s-1ECDSA\s0 keys or either respectively. .IP "\fBkECDHE\fR, \fBkEECDH\fR" 4 .IX Item "kECDHE, kEECDH" cipher suites using ephemeral \s-1ECDH\s0 key agreement, including anonymous cipher suites. .IP "\fB\s-1ECDHE\s0\fR, \fB\s-1EECDH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "ECDHE, EECDH" cipher suites using authenticated ephemeral \s-1ECDH\s0 key agreement. .IP "\fB\s-1AECDH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "AECDH" anonymous Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman cipher suites. .IP "\fB\s-1ECDH\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "ECDH" cipher suites using \s-1ECDH\s0 key exchange, including anonymous, ephemeral and fixed \s-1ECDH.\s0 .IP "\fBaRSA\fR" 4 .IX Item "aRSA" cipher suites using \s-1RSA\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \s-1RSA\s0 keys. .IP "\fBaDSS\fR, \fB\s-1DSS\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "aDSS, DSS" cipher suites using \s-1DSS\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \s-1DSS\s0 keys. .IP "\fBaDH\fR" 4 .IX Item "aDH" cipher suites effectively using \s-1DH\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \&\s-1DH\s0 keys. .IP "\fBaECDH\fR" 4 .IX Item "aECDH" cipher suites effectively using \s-1ECDH\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \s-1ECDH\s0 keys. .IP "\fBaECDSA\fR, \fB\s-1ECDSA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "aECDSA, ECDSA" cipher suites using \s-1ECDSA\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \s-1ECDSA\s0 keys. .IP "\fBkFZA\fR, \fBaFZA\fR, \fBeFZA\fR, \fB\s-1FZA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "kFZA, aFZA, eFZA, FZA" ciphers suites using \s-1FORTEZZA\s0 key exchange, authentication, encryption or all \&\s-1FORTEZZA\s0 algorithms. Not implemented. .IP "\fBTLSv1.2\fR, \fBTLSv1\fR, \fBSSLv3\fR, \fBSSLv2\fR" 4 .IX Item "TLSv1.2, TLSv1, SSLv3, SSLv2" \&\s-1TLS\s0 v1.2, \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0, \s-1SSL\s0 v3.0 or \s-1SSL\s0 v2.0 cipher suites respectively. Note: there are no ciphersuites specific to \s-1TLS\s0 v1.1. .IP "\fB\s-1AES128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1AES256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1AES\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "AES128, AES256, AES" cipher suites using 128 bit \s-1AES, 256\s0 bit \s-1AES\s0 or either 128 or 256 bit \s-1AES.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1AESGCM\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "AESGCM" \&\s-1AES\s0 in Galois Counter Mode (\s-1GCM\s0): these ciphersuites are only supported in \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2. .IP "\fB\s-1CAMELLIA128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1CAMELLIA256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1CAMELLIA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "CAMELLIA128, CAMELLIA256, CAMELLIA" cipher suites using 128 bit \s-1CAMELLIA, 256\s0 bit \s-1CAMELLIA\s0 or either 128 or 256 bit \&\s-1CAMELLIA.\s0 .IP "\fB3DES\fR" 4 .IX Item "3DES" cipher suites using triple \s-1DES.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1DES\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "DES" cipher suites using \s-1DES \s0(not triple \s-1DES\s0). .IP "\fB\s-1RC4\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "RC4" cipher suites using \s-1RC4.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1RC2\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "RC2" cipher suites using \s-1RC2.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1IDEA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "IDEA" cipher suites using \s-1IDEA.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1SEED\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SEED" cipher suites using \s-1SEED.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1MD5\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "MD5" cipher suites using \s-1MD5.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1SHA1\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SHA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SHA1, SHA" cipher suites using \s-1SHA1.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1SHA256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SHA384\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SHA256, SHA384" ciphersuites using \s-1SHA256\s0 or \s-1SHA384.\s0 .IP "\fBaGOST\fR" 4 .IX Item "aGOST" cipher suites using \s-1GOST R 34.10 \s0(either 2001 or 94) for authenticaction (needs an engine supporting \s-1GOST\s0 algorithms). .IP "\fBaGOST01\fR" 4 .IX Item "aGOST01" cipher suites using \s-1GOST R 34.10\-2001\s0 authentication. .IP "\fBaGOST94\fR" 4 .IX Item "aGOST94" cipher suites using \s-1GOST R 34.10\-94\s0 authentication (note that R 34.10\-94 standard has been expired so use \s-1GOST R 34.10\-2001\s0) .IP "\fBkGOST\fR" 4 .IX Item "kGOST" cipher suites, using \s-1VKO 34.10\s0 key exchange, specified in the \s-1RFC 4357.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1GOST94\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "GOST94" cipher suites, using \s-1HMAC\s0 based on \s-1GOST R 34.11\-94.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1GOST89MAC\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "GOST89MAC" cipher suites using \s-1GOST 28147\-89 MAC \s0\fBinstead of\fR \s-1HMAC.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1PSK\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "PSK" cipher suites using pre-shared keys (\s-1PSK\s0). .IP "\fB\s-1SUITEB128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SUITEB128ONLY\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SUITEB192\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SUITEB128, SUITEB128ONLY, SUITEB192" enables suite B mode operation using 128 (permitting 192 bit mode by peer) 128 bit (not permitting 192 bit by peer) or 192 bit level of security respectively. If used these cipherstrings should appear first in the cipher list and anything after them is ignored. Setting Suite B mode has additional consequences required to comply with \s-1RFC6460.\s0 In particular the supported signature algorithms is reduced to support only \s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1SHA256\s0 or \s-1SHA384,\s0 only the elliptic curves P\-256 and P\-384 can be used and only the two suite B compliant ciphersuites (\s-1ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256\s0 and \&\s-1ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384\s0) are permissible. .SH "CIPHER SUITE NAMES" .IX Header "CIPHER SUITE NAMES" The following lists give the \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 cipher suites names from the relevant specification and their OpenSSL equivalents. It should be noted, that several cipher suite names do not include the authentication used, e.g. \s-1DES\-CBC3\-SHA.\s0 In these cases, \s-1RSA\s0 authentication is used. .SS "\s-1SSL\s0 v3.0 cipher suites." .IX Subsection "SSL v3.0 cipher suites." .Vb 10 \& SSL_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5 NULL\-MD5 \& SSL_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA NULL\-SHA \& SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 EXP\-RC4\-MD5 \& SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 RC4\-MD5 \& SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA RC4\-SHA \& SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5 EXP\-RC2\-CBC\-MD5 \& SSL_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA IDEA\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& \& SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& SSL_DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& SSL_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-EDH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EDH\-DSS\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA EDH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& SSL_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& \& SSL_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 EXP\-ADH\-RC4\-MD5 \& SSL_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 ADH\-RC4\-MD5 \& SSL_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-ADH\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA ADH\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& SSL_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ADH\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& \& SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_NULL_SHA Not implemented. \& SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_FORTEZZA_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA Not implemented. .Ve .SS "\s-1TLS\s0 v1.0 cipher suites." .IX Subsection "TLS v1.0 cipher suites." .Vb 10 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5 NULL\-MD5 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA NULL\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 EXP\-RC4\-MD5 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 RC4\-MD5 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA RC4\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5 EXP\-RC2\-CBC\-MD5 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA IDEA\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& TLS_DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Not implemented. \& TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-EDH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EDH\-DSS\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA EDH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 EXP\-ADH\-RC4\-MD5 \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 ADH\-RC4\-MD5 \& TLS_DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA EXP\-ADH\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA ADH\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ADH\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA .Ve .SS "\s-1AES\s0 ciphersuites from \s-1RFC3268,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0" .IX Subsection "AES ciphersuites from RFC3268, extending TLS v1.0" .Vb 2 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA AES128\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ADH\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ADH\-AES256\-SHA .Ve .SS "Camellia ciphersuites from \s-1RFC4132,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0" .IX Subsection "Camellia ciphersuites from RFC4132, extending TLS v1.0" .Vb 2 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA CAMELLIA128\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA CAMELLIA256\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA \& \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA ADH\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA ADH\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA .Ve .SS "\s-1SEED\s0 ciphersuites from \s-1RFC4162,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0" .IX Subsection "SEED ciphersuites from RFC4162, extending TLS v1.0" .Vb 1 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA SEED\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-SEED\-SHA \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-SEED\-SHA \& \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-SEED\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-SEED\-SHA \& \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA ADH\-SEED\-SHA .Ve .SS "\s-1GOST\s0 ciphersuites from draft-chudov-cryptopro-cptls, extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0" .IX Subsection "GOST ciphersuites from draft-chudov-cryptopro-cptls, extending TLS v1.0" Note: these ciphers require an engine which including \s-1GOST\s0 cryptographic algorithms, such as the \fBccgost\fR engine, included in the OpenSSL distribution. .PP .Vb 4 \& TLS_GOSTR341094_WITH_28147_CNT_IMIT GOST94\-GOST89\-GOST89 \& TLS_GOSTR341001_WITH_28147_CNT_IMIT GOST2001\-GOST89\-GOST89 \& TLS_GOSTR341094_WITH_NULL_GOSTR3411 GOST94\-NULL\-GOST94 \& TLS_GOSTR341001_WITH_NULL_GOSTR3411 GOST2001\-NULL\-GOST94 .Ve .SS "Additional Export 1024 and other cipher suites" .IX Subsection "Additional Export 1024 and other cipher suites" Note: these ciphers can also be used in \s-1SSL\s0 v3. .PP .Vb 5 \& TLS_RSA_EXPORT1024_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EXP1024\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_RSA_EXPORT1024_WITH_RC4_56_SHA EXP1024\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT1024_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA EXP1024\-DHE\-DSS\-DES\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT1024_WITH_RC4_56_SHA EXP1024\-DHE\-DSS\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_RC4_128_SHA DHE\-DSS\-RC4\-SHA .Ve .SS "Elliptic curve cipher suites." .IX Subsection "Elliptic curve cipher suites." .Vb 5 \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDH\-RSA\-NULL\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDH\-RSA\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDH\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDH\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDH\-ECDSA\-NULL\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDH\-ECDSA\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDH\-ECDSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDH\-ECDSA\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDH\-ECDSA\-AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-NULL\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-NULL\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-SHA \& \& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_NULL_SHA AECDH\-NULL\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_SHA AECDH\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA AECDH\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA AECDH\-AES128\-SHA \& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA AECDH\-AES256\-SHA .Ve .SS "\s-1TLS\s0 v1.2 cipher suites" .IX Subsection "TLS v1.2 cipher suites" .Vb 1 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA256 NULL\-SHA256 \& \& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 AES256\-SHA256 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DH\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DH\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DH\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DH\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DH\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DH\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DH\-DSS\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DH\-DSS\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA256 \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA256 \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-DSS\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDH\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDH\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA384 \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDH\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDH\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDH\-ECDSA\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDH\-ECDSA\-AES256\-SHA384 \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDH\-ECDSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDH\-ECDSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA384 \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-SHA384 \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 \& \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ADH\-AES128\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 ADH\-AES256\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ADH\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256 \& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ADH\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384 .Ve .SS "Pre shared keying (\s-1PSK\s0) cipheruites" .IX Subsection "Pre shared keying (PSK) cipheruites" .Vb 4 \& TLS_PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA PSK\-RC4\-SHA \& TLS_PSK_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA PSK\-3DES\-EDE\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA \& TLS_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA .Ve .SS "Deprecated \s-1SSL\s0 v2.0 cipher suites." .IX Subsection "Deprecated SSL v2.0 cipher suites." .Vb 7 \& SSL_CK_RC4_128_WITH_MD5 RC4\-MD5 \& SSL_CK_RC4_128_EXPORT40_WITH_MD5 Not implemented. \& SSL_CK_RC2_128_CBC_WITH_MD5 RC2\-CBC\-MD5 \& SSL_CK_RC2_128_CBC_EXPORT40_WITH_MD5 Not implemented. \& SSL_CK_IDEA_128_CBC_WITH_MD5 IDEA\-CBC\-MD5 \& SSL_CK_DES_64_CBC_WITH_MD5 Not implemented. \& SSL_CK_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_MD5 DES\-CBC3\-MD5 .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" Some compiled versions of OpenSSL may not include all the ciphers listed here because some ciphers were excluded at compile time. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Verbose listing of all OpenSSL ciphers including \s-1NULL\s0 ciphers: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqALL:eNULL\*(Aq .Ve .PP Include all ciphers except \s-1NULL\s0 and anonymous \s-1DH\s0 then sort by strength: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqALL:!ADH:@STRENGTH\*(Aq .Ve .PP Include all ciphers except ones with no encryption (eNULL) or no authentication (aNULL): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqALL:!aNULL\*(Aq .Ve .PP Include only 3DES ciphers and then place \s-1RSA\s0 ciphers last: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ciphers \-v \*(Aq3DES:+RSA\*(Aq .Ve .PP Include all \s-1RC4\s0 ciphers but leave out those without authentication: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqRC4:!COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT\*(Aq .Ve .PP Include all chiphers with \s-1RSA\s0 authentication but leave out ciphers without encryption. .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqRSA:!COMPLEMENTOFALL\*(Aq .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIs_client\fR\|(1), \fIs_server\fR\|(1), \fIssl\fR\|(3) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \fB\s-1COMPLENTOFALL\s0\fR and \fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT\s0\fR selection options for cipherlist strings were added in OpenSSL 0.9.7. The \fB\-V\fR option for the \fBciphers\fR command was added in OpenSSL 1.0.0. PK!Os&man1/dsaparam.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "DSAPARAM 1" .TH DSAPARAM 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" dsaparam \- DSA parameter manipulation and generation .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl dsaparam\fR [\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-C\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-genkey\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fBnumbits\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" This command is used to manipulate or generate \s-1DSA\s0 parameter files. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded form compatible with \s-1RFC2459 \s0(\s-1PKIX\s0) DSS-Parms that is a \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of p, q and g respectively. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if this option is not specified. If the \fBnumbits\fR parameter is included then this option will be ignored. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" this option prints out the \s-1DSA\s0 parameters in human readable form. .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4 .IX Item "-C" this option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the \fB\f(BIget_dsaXXX()\fB\fR function. .IP "\fB\-genkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "-genkey" this option will generate a \s-1DSA\s0 either using the specified or generated parameters. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fBnumbits\fR" 4 .IX Item "numbits" this option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size \&\fBnumbits\fR. It must be the last option. If this option is included then the input file (if any) is ignored. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdsaparam\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1DSA\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DSA PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END DSA PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP \&\s-1DSA\s0 parameter generation is a slow process and as a result the same set of \&\s-1DSA\s0 parameters is often used to generate several distinct keys. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIgendsa\fR\|(1), \fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIrsa\fR\|(1) PK!`pO+O+man1/s_time.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "S_TIME 1" .TH S_TIME 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" s_time \- SSL/TLS performance timing program .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBs_time\fR [\fB\-connect host:port\fR] [\fB\-www page\fR] [\fB\-cert filename\fR] [\fB\-key filename\fR] [\fB\-CApath directory\fR] [\fB\-CAfile filename\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-reuse\fR] [\fB\-new\fR] [\fB\-verify depth\fR] [\fB\-nbio\fR] [\fB\-time seconds\fR] [\fB\-ssl2\fR] [\fB\-ssl3\fR] [\fB\-bugs\fR] [\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBs_time\fR command implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which connects to a remote host using \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It can request a page from the server and includes the time to transfer the payload data in its timing measurements. It measures the number of connections within a given timeframe, the amount of data transferred (if any), and calculates the average time spent for one connection. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-connect host:port\fR" 4 .IX Item "-connect host:port" This specifies the host and optional port to connect to. .IP "\fB\-www page\fR" 4 .IX Item "-www page" This specifies the page to \s-1GET\s0 from the server. A value of '/' gets the index.htm[l] page. If this parameter is not specified, then \fBs_time\fR will only perform the handshake to establish \s-1SSL\s0 connections but not transfer any payload data. .IP "\fB\-cert certname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert certname" The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is not to use a certificate. The file is in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-key keyfile" The private key to use. If not specified then the certificate file will be used. The file is in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-verify depth\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify depth" The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the server certificate chain and turns on server certificate verification. Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure. .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath directory" The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR for more information. These are also used when building the client certificate chain. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" A file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain. .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory over the certificates provided by the server when building the trust chain to verify server certificate. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-new\fR" 4 .IX Item "-new" performs the timing test using a new session \s-1ID\s0 for each connection. If neither \fB\-new\fR nor \fB\-reuse\fR are specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence. .IP "\fB\-reuse\fR" 4 .IX Item "-reuse" performs the timing test using the same session \s-1ID\s0; this can be used as a test that session caching is working. If neither \fB\-new\fR nor \fB\-reuse\fR are specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence. .IP "\fB\-nbio\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nbio" turns on non-blocking I/O. .IP "\fB\-ssl2\fR, \fB\-ssl3\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ssl2, -ssl3" these options disable the use of certain \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 protocols. By default the initial handshake uses a method which should be compatible with all servers and permit them to use \s-1SSL\s0 v3, \s-1SSL\s0 v2 or \s-1TLS\s0 as appropriate. The timing program is not as rich in options to turn protocols on and off as the \fIs_client\fR\|(1) program and may not connect to all servers. .Sp Unfortunately there are a lot of ancient and broken servers in use which cannot handle this technique and will fail to connect. Some servers only work if \s-1TLS\s0 is turned off with the \fB\-ssl3\fR option; others will only support \s-1SSL\s0 v2 and may need the \fB\-ssl2\fR option. .IP "\fB\-bugs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-bugs" there are several known bug in \s-1SSL\s0 and \s-1TLS\s0 implementations. Adding this option enables various workarounds. .IP "\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cipher cipherlist" this allows the cipher list sent by the client to be modified. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the \fIciphers\fR\|(1) command for more information. .IP "\fB\-time length\fR" 4 .IX Item "-time length" specifies how long (in seconds) \fBs_time\fR should establish connections and optionally transfer payload data from a server. Server and client performance and the link speed determine how many connections \fBs_time\fR can establish. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\fBs_time\fR can be used to measure the performance of an \s-1SSL\s0 connection. To connect to an \s-1SSL HTTP\s0 server and get the default page the command .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl s_time \-connect servername:443 \-www / \-CApath yourdir \-CAfile yourfile.pem \-cipher commoncipher [\-ssl3] .Ve .PP would typically be used (https uses port 443). 'commoncipher' is a cipher to which both client and server can agree, see the \fIciphers\fR\|(1) command for details. .PP If the handshake fails then there are several possible causes, if it is nothing obvious like no client certificate then the \fB\-bugs\fR, \fB\-ssl2\fR, \&\fB\-ssl3\fR options can be tried in case it is a buggy server. In particular you should play with these options \fBbefore\fR submitting a bug report to an OpenSSL mailing list. .PP A frequent problem when attempting to get client certificates working is that a web client complains it has no certificates or gives an empty list to choose from. This is normally because the server is not sending the clients certificate authority in its \*(L"acceptable \s-1CA\s0 list\*(R" when it requests a certificate. By using \fIs_client\fR\|(1) the \s-1CA\s0 list can be viewed and checked. However some servers only request client authentication after a specific \s-1URL\s0 is requested. To obtain the list in this case it is necessary to use the \fB\-prexit\fR option of \fIs_client\fR\|(1) and send an \s-1HTTP\s0 request for an appropriate page. .PP If a certificate is specified on the command line using the \fB\-cert\fR option it will not be used unless the server specifically requests a client certificate. Therefor merely including a client certificate on the command line is no guarantee that the certificate works. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Because this program does not have all the options of the \&\fIs_client\fR\|(1) program to turn protocols on and off, you may not be able to measure the performance of all protocols with all servers. .PP The \fB\-verify\fR option should really exit if the server verification fails. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIs_client\fR\|(1), \fIs_server\fR\|(1), \fIciphers\fR\|(1) PK!ܴman1/sslpasswd.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PASSWD 1" .TH PASSWD 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" passwd \- compute password hashes .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl passwd\fR [\fB\-crypt\fR] [\fB\-1\fR] [\fB\-apr1\fR] [\fB\-salt\fR \fIstring\fR] [\fB\-in\fR \fIfile\fR] [\fB\-stdin\fR] [\fB\-noverify\fR] [\fB\-quiet\fR] [\fB\-table\fR] {\fIpassword\fR} .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpasswd\fR command computes the hash of a password typed at run-time or the hash of each password in a list. The password list is taken from the named file for option \fB\-in file\fR, from stdin for option \fB\-stdin\fR, or from the command line, or from the terminal otherwise. The Unix standard algorithm \fBcrypt\fR and the MD5\-based \s-1BSD\s0 password algorithm \fB1\fR and its Apache variant \fBapr1\fR are available. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-crypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crypt" Use the \fBcrypt\fR algorithm (default). .IP "\fB\-1\fR" 4 .IX Item "-1" Use the \s-1MD5\s0 based \s-1BSD\s0 password algorithm \fB1\fR. .IP "\fB\-apr1\fR" 4 .IX Item "-apr1" Use the \fBapr1\fR algorithm (Apache variant of the \s-1BSD\s0 algorithm). .IP "\fB\-salt\fR \fIstring\fR" 4 .IX Item "-salt string" Use the specified salt. When reading a password from the terminal, this implies \fB\-noverify\fR. .IP "\fB\-in\fR \fIfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in file" Read passwords from \fIfile\fR. .IP "\fB\-stdin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-stdin" Read passwords from \fBstdin\fR. .IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noverify" Don't verify when reading a password from the terminal. .IP "\fB\-quiet\fR" 4 .IX Item "-quiet" Don't output warnings when passwords given at the command line are truncated. .IP "\fB\-table\fR" 4 .IX Item "-table" In the output list, prepend the cleartext password and a \s-1TAB\s0 character to each password hash. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" \&\fBopenssl passwd \-crypt \-salt xx password\fR prints \fBxxj31ZMTZzkVA\fR. .PP \&\fBopenssl passwd \-1 \-salt xxxxxxxx password\fR prints \fB\f(CB$1\fB$xxxxxxxx$UYCIxa628.9qXjpQCjM4a.\fR. .PP \&\fBopenssl passwd \-apr1 \-salt xxxxxxxx password\fR prints \fB\f(CB$apr1\fB$xxxxxxxx$dxHfLAsjHkDRmG83UXe8K0\fR. PK!man1/pkey.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PKEY 1" .TH PKEY 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" pkey \- public or private key processing tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkey\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-cipher\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-text_pub\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-pubin\fR] [\fB\-pubout\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpkey\fR command processes public or private keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM.\s0 .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output if this option is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-passout password\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout password" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-cipher\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cipher" These options encrypt the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by \fIEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR is acceptable such as \fBdes3\fR. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the various public or private key components in plain text in addition to the encoded version. .IP "\fB\-text_pub\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text_pub" print out only public key components even if a private key is being processed. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" do not output the encoded version of the key. .IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubin" by default a private key is read from the input file: with this option a public key is read instead. .IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubout" by default a private key is output: with this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkey\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" To remove the pass phrase on an \s-1RSA\s0 private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der .Ve .PP To print out the components of a private key to standard output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-text \-noout .Ve .PP To print out the public components of a private key to standard output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-text_pub \-noout .Ve .PP To just output the public part of a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIgenpkey\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs8\fR\|(1), \&\fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fIgendsa\fR\|(1) PK!T>>man1/openssl.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "OPENSSL 1" .TH OPENSSL 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" openssl \- OpenSSL command line tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \&\fIcommand\fR [ \fIcommand_opts\fR ] [ \fIcommand_args\fR ] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR [ \fBlist-standard-commands\fR | \fBlist-message-digest-commands\fR | \fBlist-cipher-commands\fR | \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR | \fBlist-message-digest-algorithms\fR | \fBlist-public-key-algorithms\fR] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR [ \fIarbitrary options\fR ] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (\s-1SSL\s0 v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (\s-1TLS\s0 v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them. .PP The \fBopenssl\fR program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL's \fBcrypto\fR library from the shell. It can be used for .PP .Vb 8 \& o Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters \& o Public key cryptographic operations \& o Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs \& o Calculation of Message Digests \& o Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers \& o SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests \& o Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail \& o Time Stamp requests, generation and verification .Ve .SH "COMMAND SUMMARY" .IX Header "COMMAND SUMMARY" The \fBopenssl\fR program provides a rich variety of commands (\fIcommand\fR in the \&\s-1SYNOPSIS\s0 above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments (\fIcommand_opts\fR and \fIcommand_args\fR in the \s-1SYNOPSIS\s0). .PP The pseudo-commands \fBlist-standard-commands\fR, \fBlist-message-digest-commands\fR, and \fBlist-cipher-commands\fR output a list (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present \fBopenssl\fR utility. .PP The pseudo-commands \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR and \&\fBlist-message-digest-algorithms\fR list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as: .PP .Vb 1 \& from => to .Ve .PP The pseudo-command \fBlist-public-key-algorithms\fR lists all supported public key algorithms. .PP The pseudo-command \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR tests whether a command of the specified name is available. If no command named \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR; otherwise it returns 1 and prints \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR. In both cases, the output goes to \fBstdout\fR and nothing is printed to \fBstderr\fR. Additional command line arguments are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the \fBopenssl\fR program. (\fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as \fBquit\fR, \&\fBlist\-\fR\fI...\fR\fB\-commands\fR, or \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR itself.) .SS "\s-1STANDARD COMMANDS\s0" .IX Subsection "STANDARD COMMANDS" .IP "\fBasn1parse\fR" 10 .IX Item "asn1parse" Parse an \s-1ASN.1\s0 sequence. .IP "\fBca\fR" 10 .IX Item "ca" Certificate Authority (\s-1CA\s0) Management. .IP "\fBciphers\fR" 10 .IX Item "ciphers" Cipher Suite Description Determination. .IP "\fBcms\fR" 10 .IX Item "cms" \&\s-1CMS \s0(Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility .IP "\fBcrl\fR" 10 .IX Item "crl" Certificate Revocation List (\s-1CRL\s0) Management. .IP "\fBcrl2pkcs7\fR" 10 .IX Item "crl2pkcs7" \&\s-1CRL\s0 to PKCS#7 Conversion. .IP "\fBdgst\fR" 10 .IX Item "dgst" Message Digest Calculation. .IP "\fBdh\fR" 10 .IX Item "dh" Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management. Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR. .IP "\fBdhparam\fR" 10 .IX Item "dhparam" Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by \&\fBgenpkey\fR and \fBpkeyparam\fR .IP "\fBdsa\fR" 10 .IX Item "dsa" \&\s-1DSA\s0 Data Management. .IP "\fBdsaparam\fR" 10 .IX Item "dsaparam" \&\s-1DSA\s0 Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by \&\fBgenpkey\fR and \fBpkeyparam\fR .IP "\fBec\fR" 10 .IX Item "ec" \&\s-1EC \s0(Elliptic curve) key processing .IP "\fBecparam\fR" 10 .IX Item "ecparam" \&\s-1EC\s0 parameter manipulation and generation .IP "\fBenc\fR" 10 .IX Item "enc" Encoding with Ciphers. .IP "\fBengine\fR" 10 .IX Item "engine" Engine (loadble module) information and manipulation. .IP "\fBerrstr\fR" 10 .IX Item "errstr" Error Number to Error String Conversion. .IP "\fBgendh\fR" 10 .IX Item "gendh" Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR. .IP "\fBgendsa\fR" 10 .IX Item "gendsa" Generation of \s-1DSA\s0 Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by \&\fBgenpkey\fR and \fBpkey\fR .IP "\fBgenpkey\fR" 10 .IX Item "genpkey" Generation of Private Key or Parameters. .IP "\fBgenrsa\fR" 10 .IX Item "genrsa" Generation of \s-1RSA\s0 Private Key. Superceded by \fBgenpkey\fR. .IP "\fBnseq\fR" 10 .IX Item "nseq" Create or examine a netscape certificate sequence .IP "\fBocsp\fR" 10 .IX Item "ocsp" Online Certificate Status Protocol utility. .IP "\fBpasswd\fR" 10 .IX Item "passwd" Generation of hashed passwords. .IP "\fBpkcs12\fR" 10 .IX Item "pkcs12" PKCS#12 Data Management. .IP "\fBpkcs7\fR" 10 .IX Item "pkcs7" PKCS#7 Data Management. .IP "\fBpkey\fR" 10 .IX Item "pkey" Public and private key management. .IP "\fBpkeyparam\fR" 10 .IX Item "pkeyparam" Public key algorithm parameter management. .IP "\fBpkeyutl\fR" 10 .IX Item "pkeyutl" Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility. .IP "\fBrand\fR" 10 .IX Item "rand" Generate pseudo-random bytes. .IP "\fBreq\fR" 10 .IX Item "req" PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (\s-1CSR\s0) Management. .IP "\fBrsa\fR" 10 .IX Item "rsa" \&\s-1RSA\s0 key management. .IP "\fBrsautl\fR" 10 .IX Item "rsautl" \&\s-1RSA\s0 utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by \fBpkeyutl\fR .IP "\fBs_client\fR" 10 .IX Item "s_client" This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library. .IP "\fBs_server\fR" 10 .IX Item "s_server" This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library. It provides both an own command line oriented protocol for testing \s-1SSL\s0 functions and a simple \s-1HTTP\s0 response facility to emulate an SSL/TLS\-aware webserver. .IP "\fBs_time\fR" 10 .IX Item "s_time" \&\s-1SSL\s0 Connection Timer. .IP "\fBsess_id\fR" 10 .IX Item "sess_id" \&\s-1SSL\s0 Session Data Management. .IP "\fBsmime\fR" 10 .IX Item "smime" S/MIME mail processing. .IP "\fBspeed\fR" 10 .IX Item "speed" Algorithm Speed Measurement. .IP "\fBspkac\fR" 10 .IX Item "spkac" \&\s-1SPKAC\s0 printing and generating utility .IP "\fBts\fR" 10 .IX Item "ts" Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server) .IP "\fBverify\fR" 10 .IX Item "verify" X.509 Certificate Verification. .IP "\fBversion\fR" 10 .IX Item "version" OpenSSL Version Information. .IP "\fBx509\fR" 10 .IX Item "x509" X.509 Certificate Data Management. .SS "\s-1MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS\s0" .IX Subsection "MESSAGE DIGEST COMMANDS" .IP "\fBmd2\fR" 10 .IX Item "md2" \&\s-1MD2\s0 Digest .IP "\fBmd5\fR" 10 .IX Item "md5" \&\s-1MD5\s0 Digest .IP "\fBmdc2\fR" 10 .IX Item "mdc2" \&\s-1MDC2\s0 Digest .IP "\fBrmd160\fR" 10 .IX Item "rmd160" \&\s-1RMD\-160\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha\fR" 10 .IX Item "sha" \&\s-1SHA\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha1\fR" 10 .IX Item "sha1" \&\s-1SHA\-1\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha224\fR" 10 .IX Item "sha224" \&\s-1SHA\-224\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha256\fR" 10 .IX Item "sha256" \&\s-1SHA\-256\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha384\fR" 10 .IX Item "sha384" \&\s-1SHA\-384\s0 Digest .IP "\fBsha512\fR" 10 .IX Item "sha512" \&\s-1SHA\-512\s0 Digest .SS "\s-1ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS\s0" .IX Subsection "ENCODING AND CIPHER COMMANDS" .IP "\fBbase64\fR" 10 .IX Item "base64" Base64 Encoding .IP "\fBbf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "bf bf-cbc bf-cfb bf-ecb bf-ofb" Blowfish Cipher .IP "\fBcast cast-cbc\fR" 10 .IX Item "cast cast-cbc" \&\s-1CAST\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBcast5\-cbc cast5\-cfb cast5\-ecb cast5\-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "cast5-cbc cast5-cfb cast5-ecb cast5-ofb" \&\s-1CAST5\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBdes des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "des des-cbc des-cfb des-ecb des-ede des-ede-cbc des-ede-cfb des-ede-ofb des-ofb" \&\s-1DES\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBdes3 desx des\-ede3 des\-ede3\-cbc des\-ede3\-cfb des\-ede3\-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "des3 desx des-ede3 des-ede3-cbc des-ede3-cfb des-ede3-ofb" Triple-DES Cipher .IP "\fBidea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "idea idea-cbc idea-cfb idea-ecb idea-ofb" \&\s-1IDEA\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBrc2 rc2\-cbc rc2\-cfb rc2\-ecb rc2\-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "rc2 rc2-cbc rc2-cfb rc2-ecb rc2-ofb" \&\s-1RC2\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBrc4\fR" 10 .IX Item "rc4" \&\s-1RC4\s0 Cipher .IP "\fBrc5 rc5\-cbc rc5\-cfb rc5\-ecb rc5\-ofb\fR" 10 .IX Item "rc5 rc5-cbc rc5-cfb rc5-ecb rc5-ofb" \&\s-1RC5\s0 Cipher .SH "PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS" .IX Header "PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS" Several commands accept password arguments, typically using \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR for input and output passwords respectively. These allow the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no password argument is given and a password is required then the user is prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current terminal with echoing turned off. .IP "\fBpass:password\fR" 10 .IX Item "pass:password" the actual password is \fBpassword\fR. Since the password is visible to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used where security is not important. .IP "\fBenv:var\fR" 10 .IX Item "env:var" obtain the password from the environment variable \fBvar\fR. Since the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms (e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution. .IP "\fBfile:pathname\fR" 10 .IX Item "file:pathname" the first line of \fBpathname\fR is the password. If the same \fBpathname\fR argument is supplied to \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR arguments then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output password. \fBpathname\fR need not refer to a regular file: it could for example refer to a device or named pipe. .IP "\fBfd:number\fR" 10 .IX Item "fd:number" read the password from the file descriptor \fBnumber\fR. This can be used to send the data via a pipe for example. .IP "\fBstdin\fR" 10 .IX Item "stdin" read the password from standard input. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIasn1parse\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIconfig\fR\|(5), \&\fIcrl\fR\|(1), \fIcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1), \fIdgst\fR\|(1), \&\fIdhparam\fR\|(1), \fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIdsaparam\fR\|(1), \&\fIenc\fR\|(1), \fIgendsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenpkey\fR\|(1), \&\fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fInseq\fR\|(1), \fIopenssl\fR\|(1), \&\fIsslpasswd\fR\|(1), \&\fIpkcs12\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs7\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs8\fR\|(1), \&\fIsslrand\fR\|(1), \fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIrsautl\fR\|(1), \fIs_client\fR\|(1), \&\fIs_server\fR\|(1), \fIs_time\fR\|(1), \&\fIsmime\fR\|(1), \fIspkac\fR\|(1), \&\fIverify\fR\|(1), \fIversion\fR\|(1), \fIx509\fR\|(1), \&\fIcrypto\fR\|(3), \fIssl\fR\|(3), \fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \fIopenssl\fR\|(1) document appeared in OpenSSL 0.9.2. The \fBlist\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR\fB\-commands\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.3; The \fBlist\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR\fB\-algorithms\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0; the \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 0.9.5a. For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual manual pages. PK!R%M%Mman1/s_server.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. 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Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" s_server \- SSL/TLS server program .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBs_server\fR [\fB\-accept port\fR] [\fB\-context id\fR] [\fB\-verify depth\fR] [\fB\-Verify depth\fR] [\fB\-crl_check\fR] [\fB\-crl_check_all\fR] [\fB\-cert filename\fR] [\fB\-certform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-key keyfile\fR] [\fB\-keyform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-pass arg\fR] [\fB\-dcert filename\fR] [\fB\-dcertform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-dkey keyfile\fR] [\fB\-dkeyform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-dpass arg\fR] [\fB\-dhparam filename\fR] [\fB\-nbio\fR] [\fB\-nbio_test\fR] [\fB\-crlf\fR] [\fB\-debug\fR] [\fB\-msg\fR] [\fB\-state\fR] [\fB\-CApath directory\fR] [\fB\-CAfile filename\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR] [\fB\-nocert\fR] [\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR] [\fB\-serverpref\fR] [\fB\-krb5svc service\fR] [\fB\-keytab filename\fR] [\fB\-quiet\fR] [\fB\-no_tmp_rsa\fR] [\fB\-ssl2\fR] [\fB\-ssl3\fR] [\fB\-tls1\fR] [\fB\-tls1_1\fR] [\fB\-tls1_2\fR] [\fB\-no_ssl2\fR] [\fB\-no_ssl3\fR] [\fB\-no_tls1\fR] [\fB\-no_dhe\fR] [\fB\-bugs\fR] [\fB\-hack\fR] [\fB\-www\fR] [\fB\-WWW\fR] [\fB\-HTTP\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR] [\fB\-no_ticket\fR] [\fB\-id_prefix arg\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-serverinfo file\fR] [\fB\-no_resumption_on_reneg\fR] [\fB\-status\fR] [\fB\-status_verbose\fR] [\fB\-status_timeout nsec\fR] [\fB\-status_url url\fR] [\fB\-alpn protocols\fR] [\fB\-nextprotoneg protocols\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBs_server\fR command implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 server which listens for connections on a given port using \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-accept port\fR" 4 .IX Item "-accept port" the \s-1TCP\s0 port to listen on for connections. If not specified 4433 is used. .IP "\fB\-context id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-context id" sets the \s-1SSL\s0 context id. It can be given any string value. If this option is not present a default value will be used. .IP "\fB\-cert certname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert certname" The certificate to use, most servers cipher suites require the use of a certificate and some require a certificate with a certain public key type: for example the \s-1DSS\s0 cipher suites require a certificate containing a \s-1DSS \&\s0(\s-1DSA\s0) key. If not specified then the filename \*(L"server.pem\*(R" will be used. .IP "\fB\-certform format\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certform format" The certificate format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default. .IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-key keyfile" The private key to use. If not specified then the certificate file will be used. .IP "\fB\-keyform format\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform format" The private format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default. .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pass arg" the private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-dcert filename\fR, \fB\-dkey keyname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dcert filename, -dkey keyname" specify an additional certificate and private key, these behave in the same manner as the \fB\-cert\fR and \fB\-key\fR options except there is no default if they are not specified (no additional certificate and key is used). As noted above some cipher suites require a certificate containing a key of a certain type. Some cipher suites need a certificate carrying an \s-1RSA\s0 key and some a \s-1DSS \s0(\s-1DSA\s0) key. By using \s-1RSA\s0 and \s-1DSS\s0 certificates and keys a server can support clients which only support \s-1RSA\s0 or \s-1DSS\s0 cipher suites by using an appropriate certificate. .IP "\fB\-dcertform format\fR, \fB\-dkeyform format\fR, \fB\-dpass arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dcertform format, -dkeyform format, -dpass arg" additional certificate and private key format and passphrase respectively. .IP "\fB\-nocert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nocert" if this option is set then no certificate is used. This restricts the cipher suites available to the anonymous ones (currently just anonymous \&\s-1DH\s0). .IP "\fB\-dhparam filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dhparam filename" the \s-1DH\s0 parameter file to use. The ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 cipher suites generate keys using a set of \s-1DH\s0 parameters. If not specified then an attempt is made to load the parameters from the server certificate file. If this fails then a static set of parameters hard coded into the s_server program will be used. .IP "\fB\-no_dhe\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_dhe" if this option is set then no \s-1DH\s0 parameters will be loaded effectively disabling the ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 cipher suites. .IP "\fB\-no_tmp_rsa\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_tmp_rsa" certain export cipher suites sometimes use a temporary \s-1RSA\s0 key, this option disables temporary \s-1RSA\s0 key generation. .IP "\fB\-verify depth\fR, \fB\-Verify depth\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify depth, -Verify depth" The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the client certificate chain and makes the server request a certificate from the client. With the \fB\-verify\fR option a certificate is requested but the client does not have to send one, with the \fB\-Verify\fR option the client must supply a certificate or an error occurs. .Sp If the ciphersuite cannot request a client certificate (for example an anonymous ciphersuite or \s-1PSK\s0) this option has no effect. .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_check, -crl_check_all" Check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its \s-1CA.\s0 The \s-1CRL\s0(s) are appended to the certificate file. With the \fB\-crl_check_all\fR option all CRLs of all CAs in the chain are checked. .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath directory" The directory to use for client certificate verification. This directory must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR for more information. These are also used when building the server certificate chain. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" A file containing trusted certificates to use during client authentication and to use when attempting to build the server certificate chain. The list is also used in the list of acceptable client CAs passed to the client when a certificate is requested. .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory before other certificates when building the trust chain to verify client certificates. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_alt_chains" See the \fBverify\fR manual page for details. .IP "\fB\-state\fR" 4 .IX Item "-state" prints out the \s-1SSL\s0 session states. .IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4 .IX Item "-debug" print extensive debugging information including a hex dump of all traffic. .IP "\fB\-msg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-msg" show all protocol messages with hex dump. .IP "\fB\-nbio_test\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nbio_test" tests non blocking I/O .IP "\fB\-nbio\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nbio" turns on non blocking I/O .IP "\fB\-crlf\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crlf" this option translated a line feed from the terminal into \s-1CR+LF.\s0 .IP "\fB\-quiet\fR" 4 .IX Item "-quiet" inhibit printing of session and certificate information. .IP "\fB\-psk_hint hint\fR" 4 .IX Item "-psk_hint hint" Use the \s-1PSK\s0 identity hint \fBhint\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite. .IP "\fB\-psk key\fR" 4 .IX Item "-psk key" Use the \s-1PSK\s0 key \fBkey\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite. The key is given as a hexadecimal number without leading 0x, for example \-psk 1a2b3c4d. .IP "\fB\-ssl2\fR, \fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-tls1_1\fR, \fB\-tls1_2\fR, \fB\-dtls1\fR, \fB\-no_ssl2\fR, \fB\-no_ssl3\fR, \fB\-no_tls1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_2\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ssl2, -ssl3, -tls1, -tls1_1, -tls1_2, -dtls1, -no_ssl2, -no_ssl3, -no_tls1, -no_tls1_1, -no_tls1_2" These options require or disable the use of the specified \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 protocols. By default the initial handshake uses a \fIversion-flexible\fR method which will negotiate the highest mutually supported protocol version. .IP "\fB\-bugs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-bugs" there are several known bug in \s-1SSL\s0 and \s-1TLS\s0 implementations. Adding this option enables various workarounds. .IP "\fB\-hack\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hack" this option enables a further workaround for some some early Netscape \&\s-1SSL\s0 code (?). .IP "\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cipher cipherlist" this allows the cipher list used by the server to be modified. When the client sends a list of supported ciphers the first client cipher also included in the server list is used. Because the client specifies the preference order, the order of the server cipherlist irrelevant. See the \fBciphers\fR command for more information. .IP "\fB\-serverpref\fR" 4 .IX Item "-serverpref" use the server's cipher preferences, rather than the client's preferences. .IP "\fB\-krb5svc service\fR" 4 .IX Item "-krb5svc service" the Kerberos service name to use (default \*(L"host\*(R"). This means s_server will expect a ticket for the principal \fIservice\fR/hostname@REALM, and will need keys for that principal in its keytab. .IP "\fB\-keytab filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keytab filename" the Kerberos \*(L"keytab\*(R" (key table) file, containing keys for the s_server service principal (Kerberos identity; see \-krb5svc). .IP "\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR" 4 .IX Item "-tlsextdebug" print out a hex dump of any \s-1TLS\s0 extensions received from the server. .IP "\fB\-no_ticket\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_ticket" disable RFC4507bis session ticket support. .IP "\fB\-www\fR" 4 .IX Item "-www" sends a status message back to the client when it connects. This includes lots of information about the ciphers used and various session parameters. The output is in \s-1HTML\s0 format so this option will normally be used with a web browser. .IP "\fB\-WWW\fR" 4 .IX Item "-WWW" emulates a simple web server. Pages will be resolved relative to the current directory, for example if the \s-1URL\s0 https://myhost/page.html is requested the file ./page.html will be loaded. .IP "\fB\-HTTP\fR" 4 .IX Item "-HTTP" emulates a simple web server. Pages will be resolved relative to the current directory, for example if the \s-1URL\s0 https://myhost/page.html is requested the file ./page.html will be loaded. The files loaded are assumed to contain a complete and correct \s-1HTTP\s0 response (lines that are part of the \s-1HTTP\s0 response line and headers must end with \s-1CRLF\s0). .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBs_server\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fB\-id_prefix arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-id_prefix arg" generate \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 session IDs prefixed by \fBarg\fR. This is mostly useful for testing any \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 code (eg. proxies) that wish to deal with multiple servers, when each of which might be generating a unique range of session IDs (eg. with a certain prefix). .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-serverinfo file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-serverinfo file" a file containing one or more blocks of \s-1PEM\s0 data. Each \s-1PEM\s0 block must encode a \s-1TLS\s0 ServerHello extension (2 bytes type, 2 bytes length, followed by \*(L"length\*(R" bytes of extension data). If the client sends an empty \s-1TLS\s0 ClientHello extension matching the type, the corresponding ServerHello extension will be returned. .IP "\fB\-no_resumption_on_reneg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_resumption_on_reneg" set \s-1SSL_OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION\s0 flag. .IP "\fB\-status\fR" 4 .IX Item "-status" enables certificate status request support (aka \s-1OCSP\s0 stapling). .IP "\fB\-status_verbose\fR" 4 .IX Item "-status_verbose" enables certificate status request support (aka \s-1OCSP\s0 stapling) and gives a verbose printout of the \s-1OCSP\s0 response. .IP "\fB\-status_timeout nsec\fR" 4 .IX Item "-status_timeout nsec" sets the timeout for \s-1OCSP\s0 response to \fBnsec\fR seconds. .IP "\fB\-status_url url\fR" 4 .IX Item "-status_url url" sets a fallback responder \s-1URL\s0 to use if no responder \s-1URL\s0 is present in the server certificate. Without this option an error is returned if the server certificate does not contain a responder address. .IP "\fB\-alpn protocols\fR, \fB\-nextprotoneg protocols\fR" 4 .IX Item "-alpn protocols, -nextprotoneg protocols" these flags enable the Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation or Next Protocol Negotiation extension, respectively. \s-1ALPN\s0 is the \s-1IETF\s0 standard and replaces \s-1NPN.\s0 The \fBprotocols\fR list is a comma-separated list of supported protocol names. The list should contain most wanted protocols first. Protocol names are printable \s-1ASCII\s0 strings, for example \*(L"http/1.1\*(R" or \&\*(L"spdy/3\*(R". .SH "CONNECTED COMMANDS" .IX Header "CONNECTED COMMANDS" If a connection request is established with an \s-1SSL\s0 client and neither the \&\fB\-www\fR nor the \fB\-WWW\fR option has been used then normally any data received from the client is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the client. .PP Certain single letter commands are also recognized which perform special operations: these are listed below. .IP "\fBq\fR" 4 .IX Item "q" end the current \s-1SSL\s0 connection but still accept new connections. .IP "\fBQ\fR" 4 .IX Item "Q" end the current \s-1SSL\s0 connection and exit. .IP "\fBr\fR" 4 .IX Item "r" renegotiate the \s-1SSL\s0 session. .IP "\fBR\fR" 4 .IX Item "R" renegotiate the \s-1SSL\s0 session and request a client certificate. .IP "\fBP\fR" 4 .IX Item "P" send some plain text down the underlying \s-1TCP\s0 connection: this should cause the client to disconnect due to a protocol violation. .IP "\fBS\fR" 4 .IX Item "S" print out some session cache status information. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\fBs_server\fR can be used to debug \s-1SSL\s0 clients. To accept connections from a web browser the command: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl s_server \-accept 443 \-www .Ve .PP can be used for example. .PP Most web browsers (in particular Netscape and \s-1MSIE\s0) only support \s-1RSA\s0 cipher suites, so they cannot connect to servers which don't use a certificate carrying an \s-1RSA\s0 key or a version of OpenSSL with \s-1RSA\s0 disabled. .PP Although specifying an empty list of CAs when requesting a client certificate is strictly speaking a protocol violation, some \s-1SSL\s0 clients interpret this to mean any \s-1CA\s0 is acceptable. This is useful for debugging purposes. .PP The session parameters can printed out using the \fBsess_id\fR program. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Because this program has a lot of options and also because some of the techniques used are rather old, the C source of s_server is rather hard to read and not a model of how things should be done. A typical \&\s-1SSL\s0 server program would be much simpler. .PP The output of common ciphers is wrong: it just gives the list of ciphers that OpenSSL recognizes and the client supports. .PP There should be a way for the \fBs_server\fR program to print out details of any unknown cipher suites a client says it supports. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIsess_id\fR\|(1), \fIs_client\fR\|(1), \fIciphers\fR\|(1) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b. PK!+ &&man1/rsautl.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "RSAUTL 1" .TH RSAUTL 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" rsautl \- RSA utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBrsautl\fR [\fB\-in file\fR] [\fB\-out file\fR] [\fB\-inkey file\fR] [\fB\-pubin\fR] [\fB\-certin\fR] [\fB\-sign\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fB\-encrypt\fR] [\fB\-decrypt\fR] [\fB\-pkcs\fR] [\fB\-ssl\fR] [\fB\-raw\fR] [\fB\-hexdump\fR] [\fB\-asn1parse\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBrsautl\fR command can be used to sign, verify, encrypt and decrypt data using the \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read data from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inkey file" the input key file, by default it should be an \s-1RSA\s0 private key. .IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubin" the input file is an \s-1RSA\s0 public key. .IP "\fB\-certin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certin" the input is a certificate containing an \s-1RSA\s0 public key. .IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign" sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires and \s-1RSA\s0 private key. .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verify the input data and output the recovered data. .IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-encrypt" encrypt the input data using an \s-1RSA\s0 public key. .IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-decrypt" decrypt the input data using an \s-1RSA\s0 private key. .IP "\fB\-pkcs, \-oaep, \-ssl, \-raw\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pkcs, -oaep, -ssl, -raw" the padding to use: PKCS#1 v1.5 (the default), PKCS#1 \s-1OAEP,\s0 special padding used in \s-1SSL\s0 v2 backwards compatible handshakes, or no padding, respectively. For signatures, only \fB\-pkcs\fR and \fB\-raw\fR can be used. .IP "\fB\-hexdump\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hexdump" hex dump the output data. .IP "\fB\-asn1parse\fR" 4 .IX Item "-asn1parse" asn1parse the output data, this is useful when combined with the \&\fB\-verify\fR option. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\fBrsautl\fR because it uses the \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm directly can only be used to sign or verify small pieces of data. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Sign some data using a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsautl \-sign \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-out sig .Ve .PP Recover the signed data .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsautl \-verify \-in sig \-inkey key.pem .Ve .PP Examine the raw signed data: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsautl \-verify \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-raw \-hexdump \& \& 0000 \- 00 01 ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0010 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0020 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0030 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0040 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0050 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0060 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................ \& 0070 \- ff ff ff ff 00 68 65 6c\-6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 .....hello world .Ve .PP The PKCS#1 block formatting is evident from this. If this was done using encrypt and decrypt the block would have been of type 2 (the second byte) and random padding data visible instead of the 0xff bytes. .PP It is possible to analyse the signature of certificates using this utility in conjunction with \fBasn1parse\fR. Consider the self signed example in certs/pca\-cert.pem . Running \fBasn1parse\fR as follows yields: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-in pca\-cert.pem \& \& 0:d=0 hl=4 l= 742 cons: SEQUENCE \& 4:d=1 hl=4 l= 591 cons: SEQUENCE \& 8:d=2 hl=2 l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ] \& 10:d=3 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02 \& 13:d=2 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 \& 16:d=2 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE \& 18:d=3 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :md5WithRSAEncryption \& 29:d=3 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL \& 31:d=2 hl=2 l= 92 cons: SEQUENCE \& 33:d=3 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SET \& 35:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE \& 37:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :countryName \& 42:d=5 hl=2 l= 2 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :AU \& .... \& 599:d=1 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE \& 601:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :md5WithRSAEncryption \& 612:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL \& 614:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: BIT STRING .Ve .PP The final \s-1BIT STRING\s0 contains the actual signature. It can be extracted with: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-in pca\-cert.pem \-out sig \-noout \-strparse 614 .Ve .PP The certificate public key can be extracted with: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in test/testx509.pem \-pubkey \-noout >pubkey.pem .Ve .PP The signature can be analysed with: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsautl \-in sig \-verify \-asn1parse \-inkey pubkey.pem \-pubin \& \& 0:d=0 hl=2 l= 32 cons: SEQUENCE \& 2:d=1 hl=2 l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE \& 4:d=2 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :md5 \& 14:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL \& 16:d=1 hl=2 l= 16 prim: OCTET STRING \& 0000 \- f3 46 9e aa 1a 4a 73 c9\-37 ea 93 00 48 25 08 b5 .F...Js.7...H%.. .Ve .PP This is the parsed version of an \s-1ASN1\s0 DigestInfo structure. It can be seen that the digest used was md5. The actual part of the certificate that was signed can be extracted with: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-in pca\-cert.pem \-out tbs \-noout \-strparse 4 .Ve .PP and its digest computed with: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl md5 \-c tbs \& MD5(tbs)= f3:46:9e:aa:1a:4a:73:c9:37:ea:93:00:48:25:08:b5 .Ve .PP which it can be seen agrees with the recovered value above. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIdgst\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1) PK!(p""man1/dhparam.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "DHPARAM 1" .TH DHPARAM 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" dhparam \- DH parameter manipulation and generation .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl dhparam\fR [\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-in\fR \fIfilename\fR] [\fB\-out\fR \fIfilename\fR] [\fB\-dsaparam\fR] [\fB\-check\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-C\fR] [\fB\-2\fR] [\fB\-5\fR] [\fB\-rand\fR \fIfile(s)\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fInumbits\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" This command is used to manipulate \s-1DH\s0 parameter files. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded form compatible with the PKCS#3 DHparameter structure. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-dsaparam\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dsaparam" If this option is used, \s-1DSA\s0 rather than \s-1DH\s0 parameters are read or created; they are converted to \s-1DH\s0 format. Otherwise, \*(L"strong\*(R" primes (such that (p\-1)/2 is also prime) will be used for \s-1DH\s0 parameter generation. .Sp \&\s-1DH\s0 parameter generation with the \fB\-dsaparam\fR option is much faster, and the recommended exponent length is shorter, which makes \s-1DH\s0 key exchange more efficient. Beware that with such DSA-style \s-1DH\s0 parameters, a fresh \s-1DH\s0 key should be created for each use to avoid small-subgroup attacks that may be possible otherwise. .IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4 .IX Item "-check" check if the parameters are valid primes and generator. .IP "\fB\-2\fR, \fB\-5\fR" 4 .IX Item "-2, -5" The generator to use, either 2 or 5. If present then the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. If not present but \fBnumbits\fR is present, parameters are generated with the default generator 2. .IP "\fB\-rand\fR \fIfile(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fInumbits\fR" 4 .IX Item "numbits" this option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size \&\fInumbits\fR. It must be the last option. If this option is present then the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. If this option is not present but a generator (\fB\-2\fR or \fB\-5\fR) is present, parameters are generated with a default length of 2048 bits. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" this option prints out the \s-1DH\s0 parameters in human readable form. .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4 .IX Item "-C" this option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then be loaded by calling the \fBget_dh\fR\fInumbits\fR\fB()\fR function. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdhparam\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "WARNINGS" .IX Header "WARNINGS" The program \fBdhparam\fR combines the functionality of the programs \fBdh\fR and \&\fBgendh\fR in previous versions of OpenSSL and SSLeay. The \fBdh\fR and \fBgendh\fR programs are retained for now but may have different purposes in future versions of OpenSSL. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1DH\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DH PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END DH PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP OpenSSL currently only supports the older PKCS#3 \s-1DH,\s0 not the newer X9.42 \&\s-1DH.\s0 .PP This program manipulates \s-1DH\s0 parameters not keys. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" There should be a way to generate and manipulate \s-1DH\s0 keys. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIdsaparam\fR\|(1) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \fBdhparam\fR command was added in OpenSSL 0.9.5. The \fB\-dsaparam\fR option was added in OpenSSL 0.9.6. PK!9I4;; man1/enc.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "ENC 1" .TH ENC 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" enc \- symmetric cipher routines .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl enc \-ciphername\fR [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-pass arg\fR] [\fB\-e\fR] [\fB\-d\fR] [\fB\-a/\-base64\fR] [\fB\-A\fR] [\fB\-k password\fR] [\fB\-kfile filename\fR] [\fB\-K key\fR] [\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR] [\fB\-S salt\fR] [\fB\-salt\fR] [\fB\-nosalt\fR] [\fB\-z\fR] [\fB\-md\fR] [\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-P\fR] [\fB\-bufsize number\fR] [\fB\-nopad\fR] [\fB\-debug\fR] [\fB\-none\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" the input filename, standard input by default. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" the output filename, standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pass arg" the password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-salt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-salt" use a salt in the key derivation routines. This is the default. .IP "\fB\-nosalt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nosalt" don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option \fB\s-1SHOULD NOT\s0\fR be used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of OpenSSL and SSLeay. .IP "\fB\-e\fR" 4 .IX Item "-e" encrypt the input data: this is the default. .IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4 .IX Item "-d" decrypt the input data. .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4 .IX Item "-a" base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted. .IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4 .IX Item "-base64" same as \fB\-a\fR .IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4 .IX Item "-A" if the \fB\-a\fR option is set then base64 process the data on one line. .IP "\fB\-k password\fR" 4 .IX Item "-k password" the password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the \fB\-pass\fR argument. .IP "\fB\-kfile filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-kfile filename" read the password to derive the key from the first line of \fBfilename\fR. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the \fB\-pass\fR argument. .IP "\fB\-nosalt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nosalt" do not use a salt .IP "\fB\-salt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-salt" use salt (randomly generated or provide with \fB\-S\fR option) when encrypting (this is the default). .IP "\fB\-S salt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-S salt" the actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits. .IP "\fB\-K key\fR" 4 .IX Item "-K key" the actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the \s-1IV\s0 must additionally specified using the \fB\-iv\fR option. When both a key and a password are specified, the key given with the \fB\-K\fR option will be used and the \s-1IV\s0 generated from the password will be taken. It probably does not make much sense to specify both key and password. .IP "\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "-iv IV" the actual \s-1IV\s0 to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the \fB\-K\fR option, the \&\s-1IV\s0 must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using one of the other options, the \s-1IV\s0 is generated from this password. .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4 .IX Item "-p" print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used. .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4 .IX Item "-P" print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption or decryption. .IP "\fB\-bufsize number\fR" 4 .IX Item "-bufsize number" set the buffer size for I/O .IP "\fB\-nopad\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nopad" disable standard block padding .IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4 .IX Item "-debug" debug the BIOs used for I/O. .IP "\fB\-z\fR" 4 .IX Item "-z" Compress or decompress clear text using zlib before encryption or after decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL with compiled with zlib or zlib-dynamic option. .IP "\fB\-none\fR" 4 .IX Item "-none" Use \s-1NULL\s0 cipher (no encryption or decryption of input). .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The program can be called either as \fBopenssl ciphername\fR or \&\fBopenssl enc \-ciphername\fR. But the first form doesn't work with engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded. .PP Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as ccgost engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the configuration file. Engines, specified in the command line using \-engine options can only be used for hadrware-assisted implementations of ciphers, which are supported by OpenSSL core or other engine, specified in the configuration file. .PP When enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines, specified in the configuration files are listed too. .PP A password will be prompted for to derive the key and \s-1IV\s0 if necessary. .PP The \fB\-salt\fR option should \fB\s-1ALWAYS\s0\fR be used if the key is being derived from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL and SSLeay. .PP Without the \fB\-salt\fR option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted. .PP Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use a strong block cipher in \s-1CBC\s0 mode such as bf or des3. .PP All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding also known as standard block padding: this allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to be performed. However since the chance of random data passing the test is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test. .PP If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher block length. .PP All \s-1RC2\s0 ciphers have the same key and effective key length. .PP Blowfish and \s-1RC5\s0 algorithms use a 128 bit key. .SH "SUPPORTED CIPHERS" .IX Header "SUPPORTED CIPHERS" Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured in the configuration file. The output of the \fBenc\fR command run with unsupported options (for example \fBopenssl enc \-help\fR) includes a list of ciphers, supported by your versesion of OpenSSL, including ones provided by configured engines. .PP The \fBenc\fR program does not support authenticated encryption modes like \s-1CCM\s0 and \s-1GCM.\s0 The utility does not store or retrieve the authentication tag. .PP .Vb 1 \& base64 Base 64 \& \& bf\-cbc Blowfish in CBC mode \& bf Alias for bf\-cbc \& bf\-cfb Blowfish in CFB mode \& bf\-ecb Blowfish in ECB mode \& bf\-ofb Blowfish in OFB mode \& \& cast\-cbc CAST in CBC mode \& cast Alias for cast\-cbc \& cast5\-cbc CAST5 in CBC mode \& cast5\-cfb CAST5 in CFB mode \& cast5\-ecb CAST5 in ECB mode \& cast5\-ofb CAST5 in OFB mode \& \& des\-cbc DES in CBC mode \& des Alias for des\-cbc \& des\-cfb DES in CBC mode \& des\-ofb DES in OFB mode \& des\-ecb DES in ECB mode \& \& des\-ede\-cbc Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode \& des\-ede Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode \& des\-ede\-cfb Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode \& des\-ede\-ofb Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode \& \& des\-ede3\-cbc Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode \& des\-ede3 Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode \& des3 Alias for des\-ede3\-cbc \& des\-ede3\-cfb Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode \& des\-ede3\-ofb Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode \& \& desx DESX algorithm. \& \& gost89 GOST 28147\-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine) \& gost89\-cnt \`GOST 28147\-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine) \& \& idea\-cbc IDEA algorithm in CBC mode \& idea same as idea\-cbc \& idea\-cfb IDEA in CFB mode \& idea\-ecb IDEA in ECB mode \& idea\-ofb IDEA in OFB mode \& \& rc2\-cbc 128 bit RC2 in CBC mode \& rc2 Alias for rc2\-cbc \& rc2\-cfb 128 bit RC2 in CFB mode \& rc2\-ecb 128 bit RC2 in ECB mode \& rc2\-ofb 128 bit RC2 in OFB mode \& rc2\-64\-cbc 64 bit RC2 in CBC mode \& rc2\-40\-cbc 40 bit RC2 in CBC mode \& \& rc4 128 bit RC4 \& rc4\-64 64 bit RC4 \& rc4\-40 40 bit RC4 \& \& rc5\-cbc RC5 cipher in CBC mode \& rc5 Alias for rc5\-cbc \& rc5\-cfb RC5 cipher in CFB mode \& rc5\-ecb RC5 cipher in ECB mode \& rc5\-ofb RC5 cipher in OFB mode \& \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode \& aes\-[128|192|256] Alias for aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode .Ve .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Just base64 encode a binary file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl base64 \-in file.bin \-out file.b64 .Ve .PP Decode the same file .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl base64 \-d \-in file.b64 \-out file.bin .Ve .PP Encrypt a file using triple \s-1DES\s0 in \s-1CBC\s0 mode using a prompted password: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl des3 \-salt \-in file.txt \-out file.des3 .Ve .PP Decrypt a file using a supplied password: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl des3 \-d \-salt \-in file.des3 \-out file.txt \-k mypassword .Ve .PP Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example) using Blowfish in \s-1CBC\s0 mode: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl bf \-a \-salt \-in file.txt \-out file.bf .Ve .PP Base64 decode a file then decrypt it: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl bf \-d \-salt \-a \-in file.bf \-out file.txt .Ve .PP Decrypt some data using a supplied 40 bit \s-1RC4\s0 key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rc4\-40 \-in file.rc4 \-out file.txt \-K 0102030405 .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" The \fB\-A\fR option when used with large files doesn't work properly. .PP There should be an option to allow an iteration count to be included. .PP The \fBenc\fR program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use \s-1RC2\s0 with a 76 bit key or \s-1RC4\s0 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program. PK!  man1/crl2pkcs7.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "CRL2PKCS7 1" .TH CRL2PKCS7 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" crl2pkcs7 \- Create a PKCS#7 structure from a CRL and certificates. .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBcrl2pkcs7\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-certfile filename\fR] [\fB\-nocrl\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBcrl2pkcs7\fR command takes an optional \s-1CRL\s0 and one or more certificates and converts them into a PKCS#7 degenerate \*(L"certificates only\*(R" structure. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the \s-1CRL\s0 input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded \s-1CRL\s0 structure.\fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the PKCS#7 structure output format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded PKCS#7 structure.\fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a \s-1CRL\s0 from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename to write the PKCS#7 structure to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-certfile filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certfile filename" specifies a filename containing one or more certificates in \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR format. All certificates in the file will be added to the PKCS#7 structure. This option can be used more than once to read certificates form multiple files. .IP "\fB\-nocrl\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nocrl" normally a \s-1CRL\s0 is included in the output file. With this option no \s-1CRL\s0 is included in the output file and a \s-1CRL\s0 is not read from the input file. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Create a PKCS#7 structure from a certificate and \s-1CRL:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl crl2pkcs7 \-in crl.pem \-certfile cert.pem \-out p7.pem .Ve .PP Creates a PKCS#7 structure in \s-1DER\s0 format with no \s-1CRL\s0 from several different certificates: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl crl2pkcs7 \-nocrl \-certfile newcert.pem \& \-certfile demoCA/cacert.pem \-outform DER \-out p7.der .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The output file is a PKCS#7 signed data structure containing no signers and just certificates and an optional \s-1CRL.\s0 .PP This utility can be used to send certificates and CAs to Netscape as part of the certificate enrollment process. This involves sending the \s-1DER\s0 encoded output as \s-1MIME\s0 type application/x\-x509\-user\-cert. .PP The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR encoded form with the header and footer lines removed can be used to install user certificates and CAs in \s-1MSIE\s0 using the Xenroll control. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIpkcs7\fR\|(1) PK!Ǯw!!!!man1/sess_id.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "SESS_ID 1" .TH SESS_ID 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" sess_id \- SSL/TLS session handling utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBsess_id\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-context \s-1ID\s0\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBsess_id\fR process the encoded version of the \s-1SSL\s0 session structure and optionally prints out \s-1SSL\s0 session details (for example the \s-1SSL\s0 session master key) in human readable format. Since this is a diagnostic tool that needs some knowledge of the \s-1SSL\s0 protocol to use properly, most users will not need to use it. .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded format containing session details. The precise format can vary from one version to the next. The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read session information from or standard input by default. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write session information to or standard output if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the various public or private key components in plain text in addition to the encoded version. .IP "\fB\-cert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert" if a certificate is present in the session it will be output using this option, if the \fB\-text\fR option is also present then it will be printed out in text form. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option prevents output of the encoded version of the session. .IP "\fB\-context \s-1ID\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "-context ID" this option can set the session id so the output session information uses the supplied \s-1ID.\s0 The \s-1ID\s0 can be any string of characters. This option wont normally be used. .SH "OUTPUT" .IX Header "OUTPUT" Typical output: .PP .Vb 10 \& SSL\-Session: \& Protocol : TLSv1 \& Cipher : 0016 \& Session\-ID: 871E62626C554CE95488823752CBD5F3673A3EF3DCE9C67BD916C809914B40ED \& Session\-ID\-ctx: 01000000 \& Master\-Key: A7CEFC571974BE02CAC305269DC59F76EA9F0B180CB6642697A68251F2D2BB57E51DBBB4C7885573192AE9AEE220FACD \& Key\-Arg : None \& Start Time: 948459261 \& Timeout : 300 (sec) \& Verify return code 0 (ok) .Ve .PP Theses are described below in more detail. .IP "\fBProtocol\fR" 4 .IX Item "Protocol" this is the protocol in use TLSv1, SSLv3 or SSLv2. .IP "\fBCipher\fR" 4 .IX Item "Cipher" the cipher used this is the actual raw \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 cipher code, see the \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 specifications for more information. .IP "\fBSession-ID\fR" 4 .IX Item "Session-ID" the \s-1SSL\s0 session \s-1ID\s0 in hex format. .IP "\fBSession-ID-ctx\fR" 4 .IX Item "Session-ID-ctx" the session \s-1ID\s0 context in hex format. .IP "\fBMaster-Key\fR" 4 .IX Item "Master-Key" this is the \s-1SSL\s0 session master key. .IP "\fBKey-Arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "Key-Arg" the key argument, this is only used in \s-1SSL\s0 v2. .IP "\fBStart Time\fR" 4 .IX Item "Start Time" this is the session start time represented as an integer in standard Unix format. .IP "\fBTimeout\fR" 4 .IX Item "Timeout" the timeout in seconds. .IP "\fBVerify return code\fR" 4 .IX Item "Verify return code" this is the return code when an \s-1SSL\s0 client certificate is verified. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM\s0 encoded session format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN SSL SESSION PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END SSL SESSION PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP Since the \s-1SSL\s0 session output contains the master key it is possible to read the contents of an encrypted session using this information. Therefore appropriate security precautions should be taken if the information is being output by a \*(L"real\*(R" application. This is however strongly discouraged and should only be used for debugging purposes. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" The cipher and start time should be printed out in human readable form. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIciphers\fR\|(1), \fIs_server\fR\|(1) PK!ݹCman1/x509.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "X509 1" .TH X509 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" x509 \- Certificate display and signing utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBx509\fR [\fB\-inform DER|PEM|NET\fR] [\fB\-outform DER|PEM|NET\fR] [\fB\-keyform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-CAform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-CAkeyform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-serial\fR] [\fB\-hash\fR] [\fB\-subject_hash\fR] [\fB\-issuer_hash\fR] [\fB\-ocspid\fR] [\fB\-subject\fR] [\fB\-issuer\fR] [\fB\-nameopt option\fR] [\fB\-email\fR] [\fB\-ocsp_uri\fR] [\fB\-startdate\fR] [\fB\-enddate\fR] [\fB\-purpose\fR] [\fB\-dates\fR] [\fB\-checkend num\fR] [\fB\-modulus\fR] [\fB\-pubkey\fR] [\fB\-fingerprint\fR] [\fB\-alias\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-trustout\fR] [\fB\-clrtrust\fR] [\fB\-clrreject\fR] [\fB\-addtrust arg\fR] [\fB\-addreject arg\fR] [\fB\-setalias arg\fR] [\fB\-days arg\fR] [\fB\-set_serial n\fR] [\fB\-signkey filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-x509toreq\fR] [\fB\-req\fR] [\fB\-CA filename\fR] [\fB\-CAkey filename\fR] [\fB\-CAcreateserial\fR] [\fB\-CAserial filename\fR] [\fB\-force_pubkey key\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-certopt option\fR] [\fB\-C\fR] [\fB\-md2|\-md5|\-sha1|\-mdc2\fR] [\fB\-clrext\fR] [\fB\-extfile filename\fR] [\fB\-extensions section\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBx509\fR command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be used to display certificate information, convert certificates to various forms, sign certificate requests like a \*(L"mini \s-1CA\*(R"\s0 or edit certificate trust settings. .PP Since there are a large number of options they will split up into various sections. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .SS "\s-1INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS\s0" .IX Subsection "INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM|NET\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM|NET" This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an X509 certificate but this can change if other options such as \fB\-req\fR are present. The \s-1DER\s0 format is the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of the certificate and \s-1PEM\s0 is the base64 encoding of the \s-1DER\s0 encoding with header and footer lines added. The \s-1NET\s0 option is an obscure Netscape server format that is now obsolete. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM|NET\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM|NET" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-md2|\-md5|\-sha1|\-mdc2\fR" 4 .IX Item "-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2" the digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that uses a message digest, such as the \fB\-fingerprint\fR, \fB\-signkey\fR and \fB\-CA\fR options. If not specified then \s-1SHA1\s0 is used. If the key being used to sign with is a \s-1DSA\s0 key then this option has no effect: \s-1SHA1\s0 is always used with \s-1DSA\s0 keys. For full list of digests see openssl dgst \-h output. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBx509\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SS "\s-1DISPLAY OPTIONS\s0" .IX Subsection "DISPLAY OPTIONS" Note: the \fB\-alias\fR and \fB\-purpose\fR options are also display options but are described in the \fB\s-1TRUST SETTINGS\s0\fR section. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number any extensions present and any trust settings. .IP "\fB\-certopt option\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certopt option" customise the output format used with \fB\-text\fR. The \fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. The \fB\-certopt\fR switch may be also be used more than once to set multiple options. See the \fB\s-1TEXT OPTIONS\s0\fR section for more information. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request. .IP "\fB\-pubkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubkey" outputs the the certificate's SubjectPublicKeyInfo block in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4 .IX Item "-modulus" this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the certificate. .IP "\fB\-serial\fR" 4 .IX Item "-serial" outputs the certificate serial number. .IP "\fB\-subject_hash\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subject_hash" outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate subject name. This is used in OpenSSL to form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject name. .IP "\fB\-issuer_hash\fR" 4 .IX Item "-issuer_hash" outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate issuer name. .IP "\fB\-ocspid\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ocspid" outputs the \s-1OCSP\s0 hash values for the subject name and public key. .IP "\fB\-hash\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hash" synonym for \*(L"\-subject_hash\*(R" for backward compatibility reasons. .IP "\fB\-subject_hash_old\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subject_hash_old" outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate subject name using the older algorithm as used by OpenSSL versions before 1.0.0. .IP "\fB\-issuer_hash_old\fR" 4 .IX Item "-issuer_hash_old" outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate issuer name using the older algorithm as used by OpenSSL versions before 1.0.0. .IP "\fB\-subject\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subject" outputs the subject name. .IP "\fB\-issuer\fR" 4 .IX Item "-issuer" outputs the issuer name. .IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nameopt option" option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The \&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the \fB\s-1NAME OPTIONS\s0\fR section for more information. .IP "\fB\-email\fR" 4 .IX Item "-email" outputs the email address(es) if any. .IP "\fB\-ocsp_uri\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ocsp_uri" outputs the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder address(es) if any. .IP "\fB\-startdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "-startdate" prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore date. .IP "\fB\-enddate\fR" 4 .IX Item "-enddate" prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter date. .IP "\fB\-dates\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dates" prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate. .IP "\fB\-checkend arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-checkend arg" checks if the certificate expires within the next \fBarg\fR seconds and exits non-zero if yes it will expire or zero if not. .IP "\fB\-fingerprint\fR" 4 .IX Item "-fingerprint" prints out the digest of the \s-1DER\s0 encoded version of the whole certificate (see digest options). .IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4 .IX Item "-C" this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file. .SS "\s-1TRUST SETTINGS\s0" .IX Subsection "TRUST SETTINGS" Please note these options are currently experimental and may well change. .PP A \fBtrusted certificate\fR is an ordinary certificate which has several additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted and prohibited uses of the certificate and an \*(L"alias\*(R". .PP Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate must be \*(L"trusted\*(R". By default a trusted certificate must be stored locally and must be a root \s-1CA:\s0 any certificate chain ending in this \s-1CA\s0 is then usable for any purpose. .PP Trust settings currently are only used with a root \s-1CA.\s0 They allow a finer control over the purposes the root \s-1CA\s0 can be used for. For example a \s-1CA\s0 may be trusted for \s-1SSL\s0 client but not \s-1SSL\s0 server use. .PP See the description of the \fBverify\fR utility for more information on the meaning of trust settings. .PP Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any certificate: not just root CAs. .IP "\fB\-trustout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trustout" this causes \fBx509\fR to output a \fBtrusted\fR certificate. An ordinary or trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the \&\fB\-trustout\fR option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified. .IP "\fB\-setalias arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-setalias arg" sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate to be referred to using a nickname for example \*(L"Steve's Certificate\*(R". .IP "\fB\-alias\fR" 4 .IX Item "-alias" outputs the certificate alias, if any. .IP "\fB\-clrtrust\fR" 4 .IX Item "-clrtrust" clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate. .IP "\fB\-clrreject\fR" 4 .IX Item "-clrreject" clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate. .IP "\fB\-addtrust arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-addtrust arg" adds a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here but currently only \fBclientAuth\fR (\s-1SSL\s0 client use), \fBserverAuth\fR (\s-1SSL\s0 server use) and \fBemailProtection\fR (S/MIME email) are used. Other OpenSSL applications may define additional uses. .IP "\fB\-addreject arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-addreject arg" adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the \fB\-addtrust\fR option. .IP "\fB\-purpose\fR" 4 .IX Item "-purpose" this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs the results. For a more complete description see the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section. .SS "\s-1SIGNING OPTIONS\s0" .IX Subsection "SIGNING OPTIONS" The \fBx509\fR utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it can thus behave like a \*(L"mini \s-1CA\*(R".\s0 .IP "\fB\-signkey filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signkey filename" this option causes the input file to be self signed using the supplied private key. .Sp If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the subject name (i.e. makes it self signed) changes the public key to the supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start date is set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined by the \fB\-days\fR option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless the \fB\-clrext\fR option is supplied. .Sp If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certificate is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in the request. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-clrext\fR" 4 .IX Item "-clrext" delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with the \fB\-signkey\fR or the \fB\-CA\fR options). Normally all extensions are retained. .IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER" specifies the format (\s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0) of the private key file used in the \&\fB\-signkey\fR option. .IP "\fB\-days arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-days arg" specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default is 30 days. .IP "\fB\-x509toreq\fR" 4 .IX Item "-x509toreq" converts a certificate into a certificate request. The \fB\-signkey\fR option is used to pass the required private key. .IP "\fB\-req\fR" 4 .IX Item "-req" by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a certificate request is expected instead. .IP "\fB\-set_serial n\fR" 4 .IX Item "-set_serial n" specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with either the \fB\-signkey\fR or \fB\-CA\fR options. If used in conjunction with the \fB\-CA\fR option the serial number file (as specified by the \fB\-CAserial\fR or \&\fB\-CAcreateserial\fR options) is not used. .Sp The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by \fB0x\fR). Negative serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not recommended. .IP "\fB\-CA filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CA filename" specifies the \s-1CA\s0 certificate to be used for signing. When this option is present \fBx509\fR behaves like a \*(L"mini \s-1CA\*(R".\s0 The input file is signed by this \&\s-1CA\s0 using this option: that is its issuer name is set to the subject name of the \s-1CA\s0 and it is digitally signed using the CAs private key. .Sp This option is normally combined with the \fB\-req\fR option. Without the \&\fB\-req\fR option the input is a certificate which must be self signed. .IP "\fB\-CAkey filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAkey filename" sets the \s-1CA\s0 private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is not specified then it is assumed that the \s-1CA\s0 private key is present in the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file. .IP "\fB\-CAserial filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAserial filename" sets the \s-1CA\s0 serial number file to use. .Sp When the \fB\-CA\fR option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial number specified in a file. This file consist of one line containing an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again. .Sp The default filename consists of the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file base name with \&\*(L".srl\*(R" appended. For example if the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file is called \&\*(L"mycacert.pem\*(R" it expects to find a serial number file called \*(L"mycacert.srl\*(R". .IP "\fB\-CAcreateserial\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAcreateserial" with this option the \s-1CA\s0 serial number file is created if it does not exist: it will contain the serial number \*(L"02\*(R" and the certificate being signed will have the 1 as its serial number. Normally if the \fB\-CA\fR option is specified and the serial number file does not exist it is an error. .IP "\fB\-extfile filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-extfile filename" file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified then no extensions are added to the certificate. .IP "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-extensions section" the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not specified then the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed (default) section or the default section should contain a variable called \&\*(L"extensions\*(R" which contains the section to use. See the \&\fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the extension section format. .IP "\fB\-force_pubkey key\fR" 4 .IX Item "-force_pubkey key" when a certificate is created set its public key to \fBkey\fR instead of the key in the certificate or certificate request. This option is useful for creating certificates where the algorithm can't normally sign requests, for example \s-1DH.\s0 .Sp The format or \fBkey\fR can be specified using the \fB\-keyform\fR option. .SS "\s-1NAME OPTIONS\s0" .IX Subsection "NAME OPTIONS" The \fBnameopt\fR command line switch determines how the subject and issuer names are displayed. If no \fBnameopt\fR switch is present the default \*(L"oneline\*(R" format is used which is compatible with previous versions of OpenSSL. Each option is described in detail below, all options can be preceded by a \fB\-\fR to turn the option off. Only the first four will normally be used. .IP "\fBcompat\fR" 4 .IX Item "compat" use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no name options at all. .IP "\fB\s-1RFC2253\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "RFC2253" displays names compatible with \s-1RFC2253\s0 equivalent to \fBesc_2253\fR, \fBesc_ctrl\fR, \&\fBesc_msb\fR, \fButf8\fR, \fBdump_nostr\fR, \fBdump_unknown\fR, \fBdump_der\fR, \&\fBsep_comma_plus\fR, \fBdn_rev\fR and \fBsname\fR. .IP "\fBoneline\fR" 4 .IX Item "oneline" a oneline format which is more readable than \s-1RFC2253.\s0 It is equivalent to specifying the \fBesc_2253\fR, \fBesc_ctrl\fR, \fBesc_msb\fR, \fButf8\fR, \fBdump_nostr\fR, \&\fBdump_der\fR, \fBuse_quote\fR, \fBsep_comma_plus_space\fR, \fBspace_eq\fR and \fBsname\fR options. .IP "\fBmultiline\fR" 4 .IX Item "multiline" a multiline format. It is equivalent \fBesc_ctrl\fR, \fBesc_msb\fR, \fBsep_multiline\fR, \&\fBspace_eq\fR, \fBlname\fR and \fBalign\fR. .IP "\fBesc_2253\fR" 4 .IX Item "esc_2253" escape the \*(L"special\*(R" characters required by \s-1RFC2253\s0 in a field That is \&\fB,+"<>;\fR. Additionally \fB#\fR is escaped at the beginning of a string and a space character at the beginning or end of a string. .IP "\fBesc_ctrl\fR" 4 .IX Item "esc_ctrl" escape control characters. That is those with \s-1ASCII\s0 values less than 0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are escaped using the \&\s-1RFC2253\s0 \eXX notation (where \s-1XX\s0 are two hex digits representing the character value). .IP "\fBesc_msb\fR" 4 .IX Item "esc_msb" escape characters with the \s-1MSB\s0 set, that is with \s-1ASCII\s0 values larger than 127. .IP "\fBuse_quote\fR" 4 .IX Item "use_quote" escapes some characters by surrounding the whole string with \fB"\fR characters, without the option all escaping is done with the \fB\e\fR character. .IP "\fButf8\fR" 4 .IX Item "utf8" convert all strings to \s-1UTF8\s0 format first. This is required by \s-1RFC2253.\s0 If you are lucky enough to have a \s-1UTF8\s0 compatible terminal then the use of this option (and \fBnot\fR setting \fBesc_msb\fR) may result in the correct display of multibyte (international) characters. Is this option is not present then multibyte characters larger than 0xff will be represented using the format \eUXXXX for 16 bits and \eWXXXXXXXX for 32 bits. Also if this option is off any UTF8Strings will be converted to their character form first. .IP "\fBignore_type\fR" 4 .IX Item "ignore_type" this option does not attempt to interpret multibyte characters in any way. That is their content octets are merely dumped as though one octet represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic purposes but will result in rather odd looking output. .IP "\fBshow_type\fR" 4 .IX Item "show_type" show the type of the \s-1ASN1\s0 character string. The type precedes the field contents. For example \*(L"\s-1BMPSTRING:\s0 Hello World\*(R". .IP "\fBdump_der\fR" 4 .IX Item "dump_der" when this option is set any fields that need to be hexdumped will be dumped using the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of the field. Otherwise just the content octets will be displayed. Both options use the \s-1RFC2253 \&\s0\fB#XXXX...\fR format. .IP "\fBdump_nostr\fR" 4 .IX Item "dump_nostr" dump non character string types (for example \s-1OCTET STRING\s0) if this option is not set then non character string types will be displayed as though each content octet represents a single character. .IP "\fBdump_all\fR" 4 .IX Item "dump_all" dump all fields. This option when used with \fBdump_der\fR allows the \&\s-1DER\s0 encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined. .IP "\fBdump_unknown\fR" 4 .IX Item "dump_unknown" dump any field whose \s-1OID\s0 is not recognised by OpenSSL. .IP "\fBsep_comma_plus\fR, \fBsep_comma_plus_space\fR, \fBsep_semi_plus_space\fR, \fBsep_multiline\fR" 4 .IX Item "sep_comma_plus, sep_comma_plus_space, sep_semi_plus_space, sep_multiline" these options determine the field separators. The first character is between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple AVAs are very rare and their use is discouraged). The options ending in \&\*(L"space\*(R" additionally place a space after the separator to make it more readable. The \fBsep_multiline\fR uses a linefeed character for the \s-1RDN\s0 separator and a spaced \fB+\fR for the \s-1AVA\s0 separator. It also indents the fields by four characters. If no field separator is specified then \fBsep_comma_plus_space\fR is used by default. .IP "\fBdn_rev\fR" 4 .IX Item "dn_rev" reverse the fields of the \s-1DN.\s0 This is required by \s-1RFC2253.\s0 As a side effect this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs but this is permissible. .IP "\fBnofname\fR, \fBsname\fR, \fBlname\fR, \fBoid\fR" 4 .IX Item "nofname, sname, lname, oid" these options alter how the field name is displayed. \fBnofname\fR does not display the field at all. \fBsname\fR uses the \*(L"short name\*(R" form (\s-1CN\s0 for commonName for example). \fBlname\fR uses the long form. \&\fBoid\fR represents the \s-1OID\s0 in numerical form and is useful for diagnostic purpose. .IP "\fBalign\fR" 4 .IX Item "align" align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with \&\fBsep_multiline\fR. .IP "\fBspace_eq\fR" 4 .IX Item "space_eq" places spaces round the \fB=\fR character which follows the field name. .SS "\s-1TEXT OPTIONS\s0" .IX Subsection "TEXT OPTIONS" As well as customising the name output format, it is also possible to customise the actual fields printed using the \fBcertopt\fR options when the \fBtext\fR option is present. The default behaviour is to print all fields. .IP "\fBcompatible\fR" 4 .IX Item "compatible" use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no output options at all. .IP "\fBno_header\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_header" don't print header information: that is the lines saying \*(L"Certificate\*(R" and \*(L"Data\*(R". .IP "\fBno_version\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_version" don't print out the version number. .IP "\fBno_serial\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_serial" don't print out the serial number. .IP "\fBno_signame\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_signame" don't print out the signature algorithm used. .IP "\fBno_validity\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_validity" don't print the validity, that is the \fBnotBefore\fR and \fBnotAfter\fR fields. .IP "\fBno_subject\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_subject" don't print out the subject name. .IP "\fBno_issuer\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_issuer" don't print out the issuer name. .IP "\fBno_pubkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_pubkey" don't print out the public key. .IP "\fBno_sigdump\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_sigdump" don't give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature. .IP "\fBno_aux\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_aux" don't print out certificate trust information. .IP "\fBno_extensions\fR" 4 .IX Item "no_extensions" don't print out any X509V3 extensions. .IP "\fBext_default\fR" 4 .IX Item "ext_default" retain default extension behaviour: attempt to print out unsupported certificate extensions. .IP "\fBext_error\fR" 4 .IX Item "ext_error" print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions. .IP "\fBext_parse\fR" 4 .IX Item "ext_parse" \&\s-1ASN1\s0 parse unsupported extensions. .IP "\fBext_dump\fR" 4 .IX Item "ext_dump" hex dump unsupported extensions. .IP "\fBca_default\fR" 4 .IX Item "ca_default" the value used by the \fBca\fR utility, equivalent to \fBno_issuer\fR, \fBno_pubkey\fR, \&\fBno_header\fR, and \fBno_version\fR. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Note: in these examples the '\e' means the example should be all on one line. .PP Display the contents of a certificate: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-text .Ve .PP Display the certificate serial number: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-serial .Ve .PP Display the certificate subject name: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-subject .Ve .PP Display the certificate subject name in \s-1RFC2253\s0 form: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-subject \-nameopt RFC2253 .Ve .PP Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal supporting \s-1UTF8:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-subject \-nameopt oneline,\-esc_msb .Ve .PP Display the certificate \s-1MD5\s0 fingerprint: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-fingerprint .Ve .PP Display the certificate \s-1SHA1\s0 fingerprint: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-sha1 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-fingerprint .Ve .PP Convert a certificate from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-inform PEM \-out cert.der \-outform DER .Ve .PP Convert a certificate to a certificate request: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-x509toreq \-in cert.pem \-out req.pem \-signkey key.pem .Ve .PP Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using extensions for a \s-1CA:\s0 .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl x509 \-req \-in careq.pem \-extfile openssl.cnf \-extensions v3_ca \e \& \-signkey key.pem \-out cacert.pem .Ve .PP Sign a certificate request using the \s-1CA\s0 certificate above and add user certificate extensions: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl x509 \-req \-in req.pem \-extfile openssl.cnf \-extensions v3_usr \e \& \-CA cacert.pem \-CAkey key.pem \-CAcreateserial .Ve .PP Set a certificate to be trusted for \s-1SSL\s0 client use and change set its alias to \&\*(L"Steve's Class 1 \s-1CA\*(R"\s0 .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-addtrust clientAuth \e \& \-setalias "Steve\*(Aqs Class 1 CA" \-out trust.pem .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM\s0 format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP it will also handle files containing: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END X509 CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP Trusted certificates have the lines .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The conversion to \s-1UTF8\s0 format used with the name options assumes that T61Strings use the \s-1ISO8859\-1\s0 character set. This is wrong but Netscape and \s-1MSIE\s0 do this as do many certificates. So although this is incorrect it is more likely to display the majority of certificates correctly. .PP The \fB\-fingerprint\fR option takes the digest of the \s-1DER\s0 encoded certificate. This is commonly called a \*(L"fingerprint\*(R". Because of the nature of message digests the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that certificate and two certificates with the same fingerprint can be considered to be the same. .PP The Netscape fingerprint uses \s-1MD5\s0 whereas \s-1MSIE\s0 uses \s-1SHA1.\s0 .PP The \fB\-email\fR option searches the subject name and the subject alternative name extension. Only unique email addresses will be printed out: it will not print the same address more than once. .SH "CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS" .IX Header "CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS" The \fB\-purpose\fR option checks the certificate extensions and determines what the certificate can be used for. The actual checks done are rather complex and include various hacks and workarounds to handle broken certificates and software. .PP The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code. .PP The basicConstraints extension \s-1CA\s0 flag is used to determine whether the certificate can be used as a \s-1CA.\s0 If the \s-1CA\s0 flag is true then it is a \s-1CA,\s0 if the \s-1CA\s0 flag is false then it is not a \s-1CA. \s0\fBAll\fR CAs should have the \&\s-1CA\s0 flag set to true. .PP If the basicConstraints extension is absent then the certificate is considered to be a \*(L"possible \s-1CA\*(R"\s0 other extensions are checked according to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this case because the certificate should really not be regarded as a \s-1CA:\s0 however it is allowed to be a \s-1CA\s0 to work around some broken software. .PP If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions) and it is self signed it is also assumed to be a \s-1CA\s0 but a warning is again given: this is to work around the problem of Verisign roots which are V1 self signed certificates. .PP If the keyUsage extension is present then additional restraints are made on the uses of the certificate. A \s-1CA\s0 certificate \fBmust\fR have the keyCertSign bit set if the keyUsage extension is present. .PP The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the certificate uses. If this extension is present (whether critical or not) the key can only be used for the purposes specified. .PP A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about basicConstraints and keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to \fBall\fR \&\s-1CA\s0 certificates. .IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Client\fR" 4 .IX Item "SSL Client" The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web client authentication\*(R" \s-1OID. \s0 keyUsage must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature bit set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the \s-1SSL\s0 client bit set. .IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Client \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SSL Client CA" The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web client authentication\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have the \s-1SSL CA\s0 bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent. .IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Server\fR" 4 .IX Item "SSL Server" The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web server authentication\*(R" and/or one of the \s-1SGC\s0 OIDs. keyUsage must be absent or it must have the digitalSignature, the keyEncipherment set or both bits set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or have the \s-1SSL\s0 server bit set. .IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Server \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SSL Server CA" The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web server authentication\*(R" and/or one of the \s-1SGC\s0 OIDs. Netscape certificate type must be absent or the \s-1SSL CA\s0 bit must be set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent. .IP "\fBNetscape \s-1SSL\s0 Server\fR" 4 .IX Item "Netscape SSL Server" For Netscape \s-1SSL\s0 clients to connect to an \s-1SSL\s0 server it must have the keyEncipherment bit set if the keyUsage extension is present. This isn't always valid because some cipher suites use the key for digital signing. Otherwise it is the same as a normal \s-1SSL\s0 server. .IP "\fBCommon S/MIME Client Tests\fR" 4 .IX Item "Common S/MIME Client Tests" The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"email protection\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 Netscape certificate type must be absent or should have the S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in netscape certificate type then the \s-1SSL\s0 client bit is tolerated as an alternative but a warning is shown: this is because some Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit. .IP "\fBS/MIME Signing\fR" 4 .IX Item "S/MIME Signing" In addition to the common S/MIME client tests the digitalSignature bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present. .IP "\fBS/MIME Encryption\fR" 4 .IX Item "S/MIME Encryption" In addition to the common S/MIME tests the keyEncipherment bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present. .IP "\fBS/MIME \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "S/MIME CA" The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"email protection\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 Netscape certificate type must be absent or must have the S/MIME \s-1CA\s0 bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints extension is absent. .IP "\fB\s-1CRL\s0 Signing\fR" 4 .IX Item "CRL Signing" The keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the \s-1CRL\s0 signing bit set. .IP "\fB\s-1CRL\s0 Signing \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "CRL Signing CA" The normal \s-1CA\s0 tests apply. Except in this case the basicConstraints extension must be present. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests and vice versa. .PP It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specifying the wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases: these should be checked. .PP There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end dates rather than an offset from the current time. .PP The code to implement the verify behaviour described in the \fB\s-1TRUST SETTINGS\s0\fR is currently being developed. It thus describes the intended behaviour rather than the current behaviour. It is hoped that it will represent reality in OpenSSL 0.9.5 and later. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIgendsa\fR\|(1), \fIverify\fR\|(1), \&\fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" Before OpenSSL 0.9.8, the default digest for \s-1RSA\s0 keys was \s-1MD5.\s0 .PP The hash algorithm used in the \fB\-subject_hash\fR and \fB\-issuer_hash\fR options before OpenSSL 1.0.0 was based on the deprecated \s-1MD5\s0 algorithm and the encoding of the distinguished name. In OpenSSL 1.0.0 and later it is based on a canonical version of the \s-1DN\s0 using \s-1SHA1.\s0 This means that any directories using the old form must have their links rebuilt using \fBc_rehash\fR or similar. PK!. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "VERSION 1" .TH VERSION 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" version \- print OpenSSL version information .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl version\fR [\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-o\fR] [\fB\-f\fR] [\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-d\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" This command is used to print out version information about OpenSSL. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4 .IX Item "-a" all information, this is the same as setting all the other flags. .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v" the current OpenSSL version. .IP "\fB\-b\fR" 4 .IX Item "-b" the date the current version of OpenSSL was built. .IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4 .IX Item "-o" option information: various options set when the library was built. .IP "\fB\-f\fR" 4 .IX Item "-f" compilation flags. .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4 .IX Item "-p" platform setting. .IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4 .IX Item "-d" \&\s-1OPENSSLDIR\s0 setting. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The output of \fBopenssl version \-a\fR would typically be used when sending in a bug report. .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \fB\-d\fR option was added in OpenSSL 0.9.7. PK!4xXOPOPman1/ocsp.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "OCSP 1" .TH OCSP 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" ocsp \- Online Certificate Status Protocol utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBocsp\fR [\fB\-out file\fR] [\fB\-issuer file\fR] [\fB\-cert file\fR] [\fB\-serial n\fR] [\fB\-signer file\fR] [\fB\-signkey file\fR] [\fB\-sign_other file\fR] [\fB\-no_certs\fR] [\fB\-req_text\fR] [\fB\-resp_text\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-reqout file\fR] [\fB\-respout file\fR] [\fB\-reqin file\fR] [\fB\-respin file\fR] [\fB\-nonce\fR] [\fB\-no_nonce\fR] [\fB\-url \s-1URL\s0\fR] [\fB\-host host:n\fR] [\fB\-header name value\fR] [\fB\-path\fR] [\fB\-CApath dir\fR] [\fB\-CAfile file\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR] [\fB\-VAfile file\fR] [\fB\-validity_period n\fR] [\fB\-status_age n\fR] [\fB\-noverify\fR] [\fB\-verify_other file\fR] [\fB\-trust_other\fR] [\fB\-no_intern\fR] [\fB\-no_signature_verify\fR] [\fB\-no_cert_verify\fR] [\fB\-no_chain\fR] [\fB\-no_cert_checks\fR] [\fB\-no_explicit\fR] [\fB\-port num\fR] [\fB\-index file\fR] [\fB\-CA file\fR] [\fB\-rsigner file\fR] [\fB\-rkey file\fR] [\fB\-rother file\fR] [\fB\-resp_no_certs\fR] [\fB\-nmin n\fR] [\fB\-ndays n\fR] [\fB\-resp_key_id\fR] [\fB\-nrequest n\fR] [\fB\-md5|\-sha1|...\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The Online Certificate Status Protocol (\s-1OCSP\s0) enables applications to determine the (revocation) state of an identified certificate (\s-1RFC 2560\s0). .PP The \fBocsp\fR command performs many common \s-1OCSP\s0 tasks. It can be used to print out requests and responses, create requests and send queries to an \s-1OCSP\s0 responder and behave like a mini \s-1OCSP\s0 server itself. .SH "OCSP CLIENT OPTIONS" .IX Header "OCSP CLIENT OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specify output filename, default is standard output. .IP "\fB\-issuer filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-issuer filename" This specifies the current issuer certificate. This option can be used multiple times. The certificate specified in \fBfilename\fR must be in \&\s-1PEM\s0 format. This option \fB\s-1MUST\s0\fR come before any \fB\-cert\fR options. .IP "\fB\-cert filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert filename" Add the certificate \fBfilename\fR to the request. The issuer certificate is taken from the previous \fBissuer\fR option, or an error occurs if no issuer certificate is specified. .IP "\fB\-serial num\fR" 4 .IX Item "-serial num" Same as the \fBcert\fR option except the certificate with serial number \&\fBnum\fR is added to the request. The serial number is interpreted as a decimal integer unless preceded by \fB0x\fR. Negative integers can also be specified by preceding the value by a \fB\-\fR sign. .IP "\fB\-signer filename\fR, \fB\-signkey filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signer filename, -signkey filename" Sign the \s-1OCSP\s0 request using the certificate specified in the \fBsigner\fR option and the private key specified by the \fBsignkey\fR option. If the \fBsignkey\fR option is not present then the private key is read from the same file as the certificate. If neither option is specified then the \s-1OCSP\s0 request is not signed. .IP "\fB\-sign_other filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign_other filename" Additional certificates to include in the signed request. .IP "\fB\-nonce\fR, \fB\-no_nonce\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nonce, -no_nonce" Add an \s-1OCSP\s0 nonce extension to a request or disable \s-1OCSP\s0 nonce addition. Normally if an \s-1OCSP\s0 request is input using the \fBrespin\fR option no nonce is added: using the \fBnonce\fR option will force addition of a nonce. If an \s-1OCSP\s0 request is being created (using \fBcert\fR and \fBserial\fR options) a nonce is automatically added specifying \fBno_nonce\fR overrides this. .IP "\fB\-req_text\fR, \fB\-resp_text\fR, \fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-req_text, -resp_text, -text" print out the text form of the \s-1OCSP\s0 request, response or both respectively. .IP "\fB\-reqout file\fR, \fB\-respout file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-reqout file, -respout file" write out the \s-1DER\s0 encoded certificate request or response to \fBfile\fR. .IP "\fB\-reqin file\fR, \fB\-respin file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-reqin file, -respin file" read \s-1OCSP\s0 request or response file from \fBfile\fR. These option are ignored if \s-1OCSP\s0 request or response creation is implied by other options (for example with \fBserial\fR, \fBcert\fR and \fBhost\fR options). .IP "\fB\-url responder_url\fR" 4 .IX Item "-url responder_url" specify the responder \s-1URL.\s0 Both \s-1HTTP\s0 and \s-1HTTPS \s0(\s-1SSL/TLS\s0) URLs can be specified. .IP "\fB\-host hostname:port\fR, \fB\-path pathname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-host hostname:port, -path pathname" if the \fBhost\fR option is present then the \s-1OCSP\s0 request is sent to the host \&\fBhostname\fR on port \fBport\fR. \fBpath\fR specifies the \s-1HTTP\s0 path name to use or \*(L"/\*(R" by default. .IP "\fB\-header name value\fR" 4 .IX Item "-header name value" If sending a request to an \s-1OCSP\s0 server, then the specified header name and value are added to the \s-1HTTP\s0 request. Note that the \fBname\fR and \fBvalue\fR must be specified as two separate parameters, not as a single quoted string, and that the header name does not have the trailing colon. Some \s-1OCSP\s0 responders require a Host header; use this flag to provide it. .IP "\fB\-timeout seconds\fR" 4 .IX Item "-timeout seconds" connection timeout to the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder in seconds .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR, \fB\-CApath pathname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file, -CApath pathname" file or pathname containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates. These are used to verify the signature on the \s-1OCSP\s0 response. .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory over certificates provided in the response or residing in other certificates file when building the trust chain to verify responder certificate. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_alt_chains" See \fBverify\fR manual page for details. .IP "\fB\-verify_other file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify_other file" file containing additional certificates to search when attempting to locate the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signing certificate. Some responders omit the actual signer's certificate from the response: this option can be used to supply the necessary certificate in such cases. .IP "\fB\-trust_other\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trust_other" the certificates specified by the \fB\-verify_other\fR option should be explicitly trusted and no additional checks will be performed on them. This is useful when the complete responder certificate chain is not available or trusting a root \s-1CA\s0 is not appropriate. .IP "\fB\-VAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-VAfile file" file containing explicitly trusted responder certificates. Equivalent to the \&\fB\-verify_other\fR and \fB\-trust_other\fR options. .IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noverify" don't attempt to verify the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signature or the nonce values. This option will normally only be used for debugging since it disables all verification of the responders certificate. .IP "\fB\-no_intern\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_intern" ignore certificates contained in the \s-1OCSP\s0 response when searching for the signers certificate. With this option the signers certificate must be specified with either the \fB\-verify_other\fR or \fB\-VAfile\fR options. .IP "\fB\-no_signature_verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_signature_verify" don't check the signature on the \s-1OCSP\s0 response. Since this option tolerates invalid signatures on \s-1OCSP\s0 responses it will normally only be used for testing purposes. .IP "\fB\-no_cert_verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_cert_verify" don't verify the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signers certificate at all. Since this option allows the \s-1OCSP\s0 response to be signed by any certificate it should only be used for testing purposes. .IP "\fB\-no_chain\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_chain" do not use certificates in the response as additional untrusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates. .IP "\fB\-no_explicit\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_explicit" do not explicitly trust the root \s-1CA\s0 if it is set to be trusted for \s-1OCSP\s0 signing. .IP "\fB\-no_cert_checks\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_cert_checks" don't perform any additional checks on the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signers certificate. That is do not make any checks to see if the signers certificate is authorised to provide the necessary status information: as a result this option should only be used for testing purposes. .IP "\fB\-validity_period nsec\fR, \fB\-status_age age\fR" 4 .IX Item "-validity_period nsec, -status_age age" these options specify the range of times, in seconds, which will be tolerated in an \s-1OCSP\s0 response. Each certificate status response includes a \fBnotBefore\fR time and an optional \fBnotAfter\fR time. The current time should fall between these two values, but the interval between the two times may be only a few seconds. In practice the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder and clients clocks may not be precisely synchronised and so such a check may fail. To avoid this the \fB\-validity_period\fR option can be used to specify an acceptable error range in seconds, the default value is 5 minutes. .Sp If the \fBnotAfter\fR time is omitted from a response then this means that new status information is immediately available. In this case the age of the \fBnotBefore\fR field is checked to see it is not older than \fBage\fR seconds old. By default this additional check is not performed. .IP "\fB\-md5|\-sha1|\-sha256|\-ripemod160|...\fR" 4 .IX Item "-md5|-sha1|-sha256|-ripemod160|..." this option sets digest algorithm to use for certificate identification in the \s-1OCSP\s0 request. By default \s-1SHA\-1\s0 is used. See openssl dgst \-h output for the list of available algorithms. .SH "OCSP SERVER OPTIONS" .IX Header "OCSP SERVER OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-index indexfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-index indexfile" \&\fBindexfile\fR is a text index file in \fBca\fR format containing certificate revocation information. .Sp If the \fBindex\fR option is specified the \fBocsp\fR utility is in responder mode, otherwise it is in client mode. The request(s) the responder processes can be either specified on the command line (using \fBissuer\fR and \fBserial\fR options), supplied in a file (using the \&\fBrespin\fR option) or via external \s-1OCSP\s0 clients (if \fBport\fR or \fBurl\fR is specified). .Sp If the \fBindex\fR option is present then the \fB\s-1CA\s0\fR and \fBrsigner\fR options must also be present. .IP "\fB\-CA file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CA file" \&\s-1CA\s0 certificate corresponding to the revocation information in \fBindexfile\fR. .IP "\fB\-rsigner file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rsigner file" The certificate to sign \s-1OCSP\s0 responses with. .IP "\fB\-rother file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rother file" Additional certificates to include in the \s-1OCSP\s0 response. .IP "\fB\-resp_no_certs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-resp_no_certs" Don't include any certificates in the \s-1OCSP\s0 response. .IP "\fB\-resp_key_id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-resp_key_id" Identify the signer certificate using the key \s-1ID,\s0 default is to use the subject name. .IP "\fB\-rkey file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rkey file" The private key to sign \s-1OCSP\s0 responses with: if not present the file specified in the \&\fBrsigner\fR option is used. .IP "\fB\-port portnum\fR" 4 .IX Item "-port portnum" Port to listen for \s-1OCSP\s0 requests on. The port may also be specified using the \fBurl\fR option. .IP "\fB\-nrequest number\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nrequest number" The \s-1OCSP\s0 server will exit after receiving \fBnumber\fR requests, default unlimited. .IP "\fB\-nmin minutes\fR, \fB\-ndays days\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nmin minutes, -ndays days" Number of minutes or days when fresh revocation information is available: used in the \&\fBnextUpdate\fR field. If neither option is present then the \fBnextUpdate\fR field is omitted meaning fresh revocation information is immediately available. .SH "OCSP Response verification." .IX Header "OCSP Response verification." \&\s-1OCSP\s0 Response follows the rules specified in \s-1RFC2560.\s0 .PP Initially the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate is located and the signature on the \s-1OCSP\s0 request checked using the responder certificate's public key. .PP Then a normal certificate verify is performed on the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate building up a certificate chain in the process. The locations of the trusted certificates used to build the chain can be specified by the \fBCAfile\fR and \fBCApath\fR options or they will be looked for in the standard OpenSSL certificates directory. .PP If the initial verify fails then the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify process halts with an error. .PP Otherwise the issuing \s-1CA\s0 certificate in the request is compared to the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate: if there is a match then the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify succeeds. .PP Otherwise the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate's \s-1CA\s0 is checked against the issuing \&\s-1CA\s0 certificate in the request. If there is a match and the OCSPSigning extended key usage is present in the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate then the \&\s-1OCSP\s0 verify succeeds. .PP Otherwise, if \fB\-no_explicit\fR is \fBnot\fR set the root \s-1CA\s0 of the \s-1OCSP\s0 responders \&\s-1CA\s0 is checked to see if it is trusted for \s-1OCSP\s0 signing. If it is the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify succeeds. .PP If none of these checks is successful then the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify fails. .PP What this effectively means if that if the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate is authorised directly by the \s-1CA\s0 it is issuing revocation information about (and it is correctly configured) then verification will succeed. .PP If the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder is a \*(L"global responder\*(R" which can give details about multiple CAs and has its own separate certificate chain then its root \&\s-1CA\s0 can be trusted for \s-1OCSP\s0 signing. For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl x509 \-in ocspCA.pem \-addtrust OCSPSigning \-out trustedCA.pem .Ve .PP Alternatively the responder certificate itself can be explicitly trusted with the \fB\-VAfile\fR option. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" As noted, most of the verify options are for testing or debugging purposes. Normally only the \fB\-CApath\fR, \fB\-CAfile\fR and (if the responder is a 'global \&\s-1VA\s0') \fB\-VAfile\fR options need to be used. .PP The \s-1OCSP\s0 server is only useful for test and demonstration purposes: it is not really usable as a full \s-1OCSP\s0 responder. It contains only a very simple \s-1HTTP\s0 request handling and can only handle the \s-1POST\s0 form of \s-1OCSP\s0 queries. It also handles requests serially meaning it cannot respond to new requests until it has processed the current one. The text index file format of revocation is also inefficient for large quantities of revocation data. .PP It is possible to run the \fBocsp\fR application in responder mode via a \s-1CGI\s0 script using the \fBrespin\fR and \fBrespout\fR options. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Create an \s-1OCSP\s0 request and write it to a file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ocsp \-issuer issuer.pem \-cert c1.pem \-cert c2.pem \-reqout req.der .Ve .PP Send a query to an \s-1OCSP\s0 responder with \s-1URL\s0 http://ocsp.myhost.com/ save the response to a file and print it out in text form .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ocsp \-issuer issuer.pem \-cert c1.pem \-cert c2.pem \e \& \-url http://ocsp.myhost.com/ \-resp_text \-respout resp.der .Ve .PP Read in an \s-1OCSP\s0 response and print out text form: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ocsp \-respin resp.der \-text .Ve .PP \&\s-1OCSP\s0 server on port 8888 using a standard \fBca\fR configuration, and a separate responder certificate. All requests and responses are printed to a file. .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-port 8888 \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem \& \-text \-out log.txt .Ve .PP As above but exit after processing one request: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-port 8888 \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem \& \-nrequest 1 .Ve .PP Query status information using internally generated request: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem \& \-issuer demoCA/cacert.pem \-serial 1 .Ve .PP Query status information using request read from a file, write response to a second file. .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem \& \-reqin req.der \-respout resp.der .Ve .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b. PK!i@BuBu man1/cms.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "CMS 1" .TH CMS 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" cms \- CMS utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBcms\fR [\fB\-encrypt\fR] [\fB\-decrypt\fR] [\fB\-sign\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fB\-cmsout\fR] [\fB\-resign\fR] [\fB\-data_create\fR] [\fB\-data_out\fR] [\fB\-digest_create\fR] [\fB\-digest_verify\fR] [\fB\-compress\fR] [\fB\-uncompress\fR] [\fB\-EncryptedData_encrypt\fR] [\fB\-sign_receipt\fR] [\fB\-verify_receipt receipt\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-rctform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-stream \-indef \-noindef\fR] [\fB\-noindef\fR] [\fB\-content filename\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-print\fR] [\fB\-CAfile file\fR] [\fB\-CApath dir\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR] [\fB\-md digest\fR] [\fB\-[cipher]\fR] [\fB\-nointern\fR] [\fB\-no_signer_cert_verify\fR] [\fB\-nocerts\fR] [\fB\-noattr\fR] [\fB\-nosmimecap\fR] [\fB\-binary\fR] [\fB\-nodetach\fR] [\fB\-certfile file\fR] [\fB\-certsout file\fR] [\fB\-signer file\fR] [\fB\-recip file\fR] [\fB\-keyid\fR] [\fB\-receipt_request_all \-receipt_request_first\fR] [\fB\-receipt_request_from emailaddress\fR] [\fB\-receipt_request_to emailaddress\fR] [\fB\-receipt_request_print\fR] [\fB\-secretkey key\fR] [\fB\-secretkeyid id\fR] [\fB\-econtent_type type\fR] [\fB\-inkey file\fR] [\fB\-keyopt name:parameter\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fBcert.pem...\fR] [\fB\-to addr\fR] [\fB\-from addr\fR] [\fB\-subject subj\fR] [cert.pem]... .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBcms\fR command handles S/MIME v3.1 mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify, compress and uncompress S/MIME messages. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" There are fourteen operation options that set the type of operation to be performed. The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation type. .IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-encrypt" encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in \s-1MIME\s0 format. The actual \s-1CMS\s0 type is EnvelopedData. .Sp Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text. .IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-decrypt" decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an encrypted mail message in \s-1MIME\s0 format for the input file. The decrypted mail is written to the output file. .IP "\fB\-debug_decrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-debug_decrypt" this option sets the \fB\s-1CMS_DEBUG_DECRYPT\s0\fR flag. This option should be used with caution: see the notes section below. .IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign" sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is the message to be signed. The signed message in \s-1MIME\s0 format is written to the output file. .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported. .IP "\fB\-cmsout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cmsout" takes an input message and writes out a \s-1PEM\s0 encoded \s-1CMS\s0 structure. .IP "\fB\-resign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-resign" resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers. .IP "\fB\-data_create\fR" 4 .IX Item "-data_create" Create a \s-1CMS \s0\fBData\fR type. .IP "\fB\-data_out\fR" 4 .IX Item "-data_out" \&\fBData\fR type and output the content. .IP "\fB\-digest_create\fR" 4 .IX Item "-digest_create" Create a \s-1CMS \s0\fBDigestedData\fR type. .IP "\fB\-digest_verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-digest_verify" Verify a \s-1CMS \s0\fBDigestedData\fR type and output the content. .IP "\fB\-compress\fR" 4 .IX Item "-compress" Create a \s-1CMS \s0\fBCompressedData\fR type. OpenSSL must be compiled with \fBzlib\fR support for this option to work, otherwise it will output an error. .IP "\fB\-uncompress\fR" 4 .IX Item "-uncompress" Uncompress a \s-1CMS \s0\fBCompressedData\fR type and output the content. OpenSSL must be compiled with \fBzlib\fR support for this option to work, otherwise it will output an error. .IP "\fB\-EncryptedData_encrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-EncryptedData_encrypt" Encrypt content using supplied symmetric key and algorithm using a \s-1CMS \&\s0\fBEncrytedData\fR type and output the content. .IP "\fB\-sign_receipt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign_receipt" Generate and output a signed receipt for the supplied message. The input message \fBmust\fR contain a signed receipt request. Functionality is otherwise similar to the \fB\-sign\fR operation. .IP "\fB\-verify_receipt receipt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify_receipt receipt" Verify a signed receipt in filename \fBreceipt\fR. The input message \fBmust\fR contain the original receipt request. Functionality is otherwise similar to the \fB\-verify\fR operation. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" the input message to be encrypted or signed or the message to be decrypted or verified. .IP "\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform SMIME|PEM|DER" this specifies the input format for the \s-1CMS\s0 structure. The default is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which reads an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format change this to expect \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format \s-1CMS\s0 structures instead. This currently only affects the input format of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure, if no \s-1CMS\s0 structure is being input (for example with \&\fB\-encrypt\fR or \fB\-sign\fR) this option has no effect. .IP "\fB\-rctform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rctform SMIME|PEM|DER" specify the format for a signed receipt for use with the \fB\-receipt_verify\fR operation. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" the message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output \s-1MIME\s0 format message that has been signed or verified. .IP "\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform SMIME|PEM|DER" this specifies the output format for the \s-1CMS\s0 structure. The default is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which writes an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format change this to write \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format \s-1CMS\s0 structures instead. This currently only affects the output format of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure, if no \s-1CMS\s0 structure is being output (for example with \&\fB\-verify\fR or \fB\-decrypt\fR) this option has no effect. .IP "\fB\-stream \-indef \-noindef\fR" 4 .IX Item "-stream -indef -noindef" the \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached data if the output format is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR it is currently off by default for all other operations. .IP "\fB\-noindef\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noindef" disable streaming I/O where it would produce and indefinite length constructed encoding. This option currently has no effect. In future streaming will be enabled by default on all relevant operations and this option will disable it. .IP "\fB\-content filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-content filename" This specifies a file containing the detached content, this is only useful with the \fB\-verify\fR command. This is only usable if the \s-1CMS\s0 structure is using the detached signature form where the content is not included. This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed \s-1MIME\s0 content type. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" this option adds plain text (text/plain) \s-1MIME\s0 headers to the supplied message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying it strips off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of \s-1MIME \s0 type text/plain then an error occurs. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" for the \fB\-cmsout\fR operation do not output the parsed \s-1CMS\s0 structure. This is useful when combined with the \fB\-print\fR option or if the syntax of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure is being checked. .IP "\fB\-print\fR" 4 .IX Item "-print" for the \fB\-cmsout\fR operation print out all fields of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure. This is mainly useful for testing purposes. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" a file containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with \fB\-verify\fR. .IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath dir" a directory containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with \&\fB\-verify\fR. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked to each certificate. .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory before untrusted certificates from the message when building the trust chain to verify certificates. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4 .IX Item "-md digest" digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key will be used (usually \s-1SHA1\s0). .IP "\fB\-[cipher]\fR" 4 .IX Item "-[cipher]" the encryption algorithm to use. For example triple \s-1DES \s0(168 bits) \- \fB\-des3\fR or 256 bit \s-1AES \- \s0\fB\-aes256\fR. Any standard algorithm name (as used by the \&\fIEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR function) can also be used preceded by a dash, for example \fB\-aes_128_cbc\fR. See \fBenc\fR for a list of ciphers supported by your version of OpenSSL. .Sp If not specified triple \s-1DES\s0 is used. Only used with \fB\-encrypt\fR and \&\fB\-EncryptedData_create\fR commands. .IP "\fB\-nointern\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nointern" when verifying a message normally certificates (if any) included in the message are searched for the signing certificate. With this option only the certificates specified in the \fB\-certfile\fR option are used. The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however. .IP "\fB\-no_signer_cert_verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_signer_cert_verify" do not verify the signers certificate of a signed message. .IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nocerts" when signing a message the signer's certificate is normally included with this option it is excluded. This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signers certificate available locally (passed using the \fB\-certfile\fR option for example). .IP "\fB\-noattr\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noattr" normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this option they are not included. .IP "\fB\-nosmimecap\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nosmimecap" exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes, other options such as signing time and content type are still included. .IP "\fB\-binary\fR" 4 .IX Item "-binary" normally the input message is converted to \*(L"canonical\*(R" format which is effectively using \s-1CR\s0 and \s-1LF\s0 as end of line: as required by the S/MIME specification. When this option is present no translation occurs. This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in \s-1MIME\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-nodetach\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nodetach" when signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with the \s-1MIME\s0 type multipart/signed is used. .IP "\fB\-certfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certfile file" allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing these will be included with the message. When verifying these will be searched for the signers certificates. The certificates should be in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-certsout file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certsout file" any certificates contained in the message are written to \fBfile\fR. .IP "\fB\-signer file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signer file" a signing certificate when signing or resigning a message, this option can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being verified then the signers certificates will be written to this file if the verification was successful. .IP "\fB\-recip file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-recip file" when decrypting a message this specifies the recipients certificate. The certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs. .Sp When encrypting a message this option may be used multiple times to specify each recipient. This form \fBmust\fR be used if customised parameters are required (for example to specify RSA-OAEP). .IP "\fB\-keyid\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyid" use subject key identifier to identify certificates instead of issuer name and serial number. The supplied certificate \fBmust\fR include a subject key identifier extension. Supported by \fB\-sign\fR and \fB\-encrypt\fR options. .IP "\fB\-receipt_request_all \-receipt_request_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-receipt_request_all -receipt_request_first" for \fB\-sign\fR option include a signed receipt request. Indicate requests should be provided by all receipient or first tier recipients (those mailed directly and not from a mailing list). Ignored it \fB\-receipt_request_from\fR is included. .IP "\fB\-receipt_request_from emailaddress\fR" 4 .IX Item "-receipt_request_from emailaddress" for \fB\-sign\fR option include a signed receipt request. Add an explicit email address where receipts should be supplied. .IP "\fB\-receipt_request_to emailaddress\fR" 4 .IX Item "-receipt_request_to emailaddress" Add an explicit email address where signed receipts should be sent to. This option \fBmust\fR but supplied if a signed receipt it requested. .IP "\fB\-receipt_request_print\fR" 4 .IX Item "-receipt_request_print" For the \fB\-verify\fR operation print out the contents of any signed receipt requests. .IP "\fB\-secretkey key\fR" 4 .IX Item "-secretkey key" specify symmetric key to use. The key must be supplied in hex format and be consistent with the algorithm used. Supported by the \fB\-EncryptedData_encrypt\fR \&\fB\-EncrryptedData_decrypt\fR, \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR options. When used with \fB\-encrypt\fR or \fB\-decrypt\fR the supplied key is used to wrap or unwrap the content encryption key using an \s-1AES\s0 key in the \fBKEKRecipientInfo\fR type. .IP "\fB\-secretkeyid id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-secretkeyid id" the key identifier for the supplied symmetric key for \fBKEKRecipientInfo\fR type. This option \fBmust\fR be present if the \fB\-secretkey\fR option is used with \&\fB\-encrypt\fR. With \fB\-decrypt\fR operations the \fBid\fR is used to locate the relevant key if it is not supplied then an attempt is used to decrypt any \&\fBKEKRecipientInfo\fR structures. .IP "\fB\-econtent_type type\fR" 4 .IX Item "-econtent_type type" set the encapsulated content type to \fBtype\fR if not supplied the \fBData\fR type is used. The \fBtype\fR argument can be any valid \s-1OID\s0 name in either text or numerical format. .IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inkey file" the private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified then the private key must be included in the certificate file specified with the \fB\-recip\fR or \fB\-signer\fR file. When signing this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys. .IP "\fB\-keyopt name:opt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyopt name:opt" for signing and encryption this option can be used multiple times to set customised parameters for the preceding key or certificate. It can currently be used to set RSA-PSS for signing, RSA-OAEP for encryption or to modify default parameters for \s-1ECDH.\s0 .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fBcert.pem...\fR" 4 .IX Item "cert.pem..." one or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting a message. .IP "\fB\-to, \-from, \-subject\fR" 4 .IX Item "-to, -from, -subject" the relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed portion of a message so they may be included manually. If signing then many S/MIME mail clients check the signers certificate's email address matches that specified in the From: address. .IP "\fB\-purpose, \-ignore_critical, \-issuer_checks, \-crl_check, \-crl_check_all, \-policy_check, \-extended_crl, \-x509_strict, \-policy \-check_ss_sig \-no_alt_chains\fR" 4 .IX Item "-purpose, -ignore_critical, -issuer_checks, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -policy_check, -extended_crl, -x509_strict, -policy -check_ss_sig -no_alt_chains" Set various certificate chain valiadition option. See the \&\fBverify\fR manual page for details. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1MIME\s0 message must be sent without any blank lines between the headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to achieve the correct format. .PP The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary \s-1MIME\s0 headers or many S/MIME clients wont display it properly (if at all). You can use the \fB\-text\fR option to automatically add plain text headers. .PP A \*(L"signed and encrypted\*(R" message is one where a signed message is then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message: see the examples section. .PP This version of the program only allows one signer per message but it will verify multiple signers on received messages. Some S/MIME clients choke if a message contains multiple signers. It is possible to sign messages \*(L"in parallel\*(R" by signing an already signed message. .PP The options \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR reflect common usage in S/MIME clients. Strictly speaking these process \s-1CMS\s0 enveloped data: \s-1CMS\s0 encrypted data is used for other purposes. .PP The \fB\-resign\fR option uses an existing message digest when adding a new signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail. .PP The \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options enable experimental streaming I/O support. As a result the encoding is \s-1BER\s0 using indefinite length constructed encoding and no longer \s-1DER.\s0 Streaming is supported for the \fB\-encrypt\fR operation and the \&\fB\-sign\fR operation if the content is not detached. .PP Streaming is always used for the \fB\-sign\fR operation with detached data but since the content is no longer part of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure the encoding remains \s-1DER.\s0 .PP If the \fB\-decrypt\fR option is used without a recipient certificate then an attempt is made to locate the recipient by trying each potential recipient in turn using the supplied private key. To thwart the \s-1MMA\s0 attack (Bleichenbacher's attack on \s-1PKCS\s0 #1 v1.5 \s-1RSA\s0 padding) all recipients are tried whether they succeed or not and if no recipients match the message is \*(L"decrypted\*(R" using a random key which will typically output garbage. The \fB\-debug_decrypt\fR option can be used to disable the \s-1MMA\s0 attack protection and return an error if no recipient can be found: this option should be used with caution. For a fuller description see \fICMS_decrypt\fR\|(3)). .SH "EXIT CODES" .IX Header "EXIT CODES" .IP "0" 4 the operation was completely successfully. .IP "1" 4 .IX Item "1" an error occurred parsing the command options. .IP "2" 4 .IX Item "2" one of the input files could not be read. .IP "3" 4 .IX Item "3" an error occurred creating the \s-1CMS\s0 file or when reading the \s-1MIME\s0 message. .IP "4" 4 .IX Item "4" an error occurred decrypting or verifying the message. .IP "5" 4 .IX Item "5" the message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out the signers certificates. .SH "COMPATIBILITY WITH PKCS#7 format." .IX Header "COMPATIBILITY WITH PKCS#7 format." The \fBsmime\fR utility can only process the older \fBPKCS#7\fR format. The \fBcms\fR utility supports Cryptographic Message Syntax format. Use of some features will result in messages which cannot be processed by applications which only support the older format. These are detailed below. .PP The use of the \fB\-keyid\fR option with \fB\-sign\fR or \fB\-encrypt\fR. .PP The \fB\-outform \s-1PEM\s0\fR option uses different headers. .PP The \fB\-compress\fR option. .PP The \fB\-secretkey\fR option when used with \fB\-encrypt\fR. .PP The use of \s-1PSS\s0 with \fB\-sign\fR. .PP The use of \s-1OAEP\s0 or non-RSA keys with \fB\-encrypt\fR. .PP Additionally the \fB\-EncryptedData_create\fR and \fB\-data_create\fR type cannot be processed by the older \fBsmime\fR command. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Create a cleartext signed message: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem .Ve .PP Create an opaque signed message .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \-nodetach \e \& \-signer mycert.pem .Ve .PP Create a signed message, include some additional certificates and read the private key from another file: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem \-inkey mykey.pem \-certfile mycerts.pem .Ve .PP Create a signed message with two signers, use key identifier: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem \-signer othercert.pem \-keyid .Ve .PP Send a signed message under Unix directly to sendmail, including headers: .PP .Vb 3 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-signer mycert.pem \e \& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e \& \-subject "Signed message" | sendmail someone@somewhere .Ve .PP Verify a message and extract the signer's certificate if successful: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl cms \-verify \-in mail.msg \-signer user.pem \-out signedtext.txt .Ve .PP Send encrypted mail using triple \s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 3 \& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in in.txt \-from steve@openssl.org \e \& \-to someone@somewhere \-subject "Encrypted message" \e \& \-des3 user.pem \-out mail.msg .Ve .PP Sign and encrypt mail: .PP .Vb 4 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in ml.txt \-signer my.pem \-text \e \& | openssl cms \-encrypt \-out mail.msg \e \& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e \& \-subject "Signed and Encrypted message" \-des3 user.pem .Ve .PP Note: the encryption command does not include the \fB\-text\fR option because the message being encrypted already has \s-1MIME\s0 headers. .PP Decrypt mail: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl cms \-decrypt \-in mail.msg \-recip mycert.pem \-inkey key.pem .Ve .PP The output from Netscape form signing is a PKCS#7 structure with the detached signature format. You can use this program to verify the signature by line wrapping the base64 encoded structure and surrounding it with: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PKCS7\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PKCS7\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP and using the command, .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl cms \-verify \-inform PEM \-in signature.pem \-content content.txt .Ve .PP alternatively you can base64 decode the signature and use .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl cms \-verify \-inform DER \-in signature.der \-content content.txt .Ve .PP Create an encrypted message using 128 bit Camellia: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-camellia128 \-out mail.msg cert.pem .Ve .PP Add a signer to an existing message: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl cms \-resign \-in mail.msg \-signer newsign.pem \-out mail2.msg .Ve .PP Sign mail using RSA-PSS: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem \-keyopt rsa_padding_mode:pss .Ve .PP Create encrypted mail using RSA-OAEP: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-out mail.msg \e \& \-recip cert.pem \-keyopt rsa_padding_mode:oaep .Ve .PP Use \s-1SHA256 KDF\s0 with an \s-1ECDH\s0 certificate: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-out mail.msg \e \& \-recip ecdhcert.pem \-keyopt ecdh_kdf_md:sha256 .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" The \s-1MIME\s0 parser isn't very clever: it seems to handle most messages that I've thrown at it but it may choke on others. .PP The code currently will only write out the signer's certificate to a file: if the signer has a separate encryption certificate this must be manually extracted. There should be some heuristic that determines the correct encryption certificate. .PP Ideally a database should be maintained of a certificates for each email address. .PP The code doesn't currently take note of the permitted symmetric encryption algorithms as supplied in the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute. this means the user has to manually include the correct encryption algorithm. It should store the list of permitted ciphers in a database and only use those. .PP No revocation checking is done on the signer's certificate. .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The use of multiple \fB\-signer\fR options and the \fB\-resign\fR command were first added in OpenSSL 1.0.0 .PP The \fBkeyopt\fR option was first added in OpenSSL 1.1.0 .PP The use of \fB\-recip\fR to specify the recipient when encrypting mail was first added to OpenSSL 1.1.0 .PP Support for RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS was first added to OpenSSL 1.1.0. .PP The use of non-RSA keys with \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR was first added to OpenSSL 1.1.0. .PP The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b. 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Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "C_REHASH 1" .TH C_REHASH 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" c_rehash \- Create symbolic links to files named by the hash values .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBc_rehash\fR \&\fB[\-old]\fR \&\fB[\-h]\fR \&\fB[\-n]\fR \&\fB[\-v]\fR [ \fIdirectory\fR...] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" \&\fBc_rehash\fR scans directories and calculates a hash value of each \&\f(CW\*(C`.pem\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`.crt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`.cer\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`.crl\*(C'\fR file in the specified directory list and creates symbolic links for each file, where the name of the link is the hash value. (If the platform does not support symbolic links, a copy is made.) This utility is useful as many programs that use OpenSSL require directories to be set up like this in order to find certificates. .PP If any directories are named on the command line, then those are processed in turn. If not, then the \fB\s-1SSL_CERT_DIR\s0\fR environment variable is consulted; this shold be a colon-separated list of directories, like the Unix \fB\s-1PATH\s0\fR variable. If that is not set then the default directory (installation-specific but often \fB/usr/local/ssl/certs\fR) is processed. .PP In order for a directory to be processed, the user must have write permissions on that directory, otherwise it will be skipped. The links created are of the form \f(CW\*(C`HHHHHHHH.D\*(C'\fR, where each \fBH\fR is a hexadecimal character and \fBD\fR is a single decimal digit. When processing a directory, \fBc_rehash\fR will first remove all links that have a name in that syntax. If you have links in that format used for other purposes, they will be removed. To skip the removal step, use the \fB\-n\fR flag. Hashes for \s-1CRL\s0's look similar except the letter \fBr\fR appears after the period, like this: \f(CW\*(C`HHHHHHHH.rD\*(C'\fR. .PP Multiple objects may have the same hash; they will be indicated by incrementing the \fBD\fR value. Duplicates are found by comparing the full \s-1SHA\-1\s0 fingerprint. A warning will be displayed if a duplicate is found. .PP A warning will also be displayed if there are files that cannot be parsed as either a certificate or a \s-1CRL.\s0 .PP The program uses the \fBopenssl\fR program to compute the hashes and fingerprints. If not found in the user's \fB\s-1PATH\s0\fR, then set the \&\fB\s-1OPENSSL\s0\fR environment variable to the full pathname. Any program can be used, it will be invoked as follows for either a certificate or \s-1CRL:\s0 .PP .Vb 2 \& $OPENSSL x509 \-hash \-fingerprint \-noout \-in FILENAME \& $OPENSSL crl \-hash \-fingerprint \-noout \-in FILENAME .Ve .PP where \fB\s-1FILENAME\s0\fR is the filename. It must output the hash of the file on the first line, and the fingerprint on the second, optionally prefixed with some text and an equals sign. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-old\fR" 4 .IX Item "-old" Use old-style hashing (\s-1MD5,\s0 as opposed to \s-1SHA\-1\s0) for generating links for releases before 1.0.0. Note that current versions will not use the old style. .IP "\fB\-h\fR" 4 .IX Item "-h" Display a brief usage message. .IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4 .IX Item "-n" Do not remove existing links. This is needed when keeping new and old-style links in the same directory. .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v" Print messages about old links removed and new links created. By default, \fBc_rehash\fR only lists each directory as it is processed. .SH "ENVIRONMENT" .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT" .IP "\fB\s-1OPENSSL\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "OPENSSL" The path to an executable to use to generate hashes and fingerprints (see above). .IP "\fB\s-1SSL_CERT_DIR\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "SSL_CERT_DIR" Colon separated list of directories to operate on. Ignored if directories are listed on the command line. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1), \&\fIcrl\fR\|(1). \&\fIx509\fR\|(1). PK!,,--man1/pkeyutl.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PKEYUTL 1" .TH PKEYUTL 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" pkeyutl \- public key algorithm utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkeyutl\fR [\fB\-in file\fR] [\fB\-out file\fR] [\fB\-sigfile file\fR] [\fB\-inkey file\fR] [\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-peerkey file\fR] [\fB\-peerform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-pubin\fR] [\fB\-certin\fR] [\fB\-rev\fR] [\fB\-sign\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fB\-verifyrecover\fR] [\fB\-encrypt\fR] [\fB\-decrypt\fR] [\fB\-derive\fR] [\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR] [\fB\-hexdump\fR] [\fB\-asn1parse\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpkeyutl\fR command can be used to perform public key operations using any supported algorithm. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read data from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inkey file" the input key file, by default it should be a private key. .IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER" the key format \s-1PEM, DER\s0 or \s-1ENGINE.\s0 .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-peerkey file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-peerkey file" the peer key file, used by key derivation (agreement) operations. .IP "\fB\-peerform PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-peerform PEM|DER" the peer key format \s-1PEM, DER\s0 or \s-1ENGINE.\s0 .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkeyutl\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubin" the input file is a public key. .IP "\fB\-certin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certin" the input is a certificate containing a public key. .IP "\fB\-rev\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rev" reverse the order of the input buffer. This is useful for some libraries (such as CryptoAPI) which represent the buffer in little endian format. .IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign" sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires a private key. .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verify the input data against the signature file and indicate if the verification succeeded or failed. .IP "\fB\-verifyrecover\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verifyrecover" verify the input data and output the recovered data. .IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-encrypt" encrypt the input data using a public key. .IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-decrypt" decrypt the input data using a private key. .IP "\fB\-derive\fR" 4 .IX Item "-derive" derive a shared secret using the peer key. .IP "\fB\-hexdump\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hexdump" hex dump the output data. .IP "\fB\-asn1parse\fR" 4 .IX Item "-asn1parse" asn1parse the output data, this is useful when combined with the \&\fB\-verifyrecover\fR option when an \s-1ASN1\s0 structure is signed. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The operations and options supported vary according to the key algorithm and its implementation. The OpenSSL operations and options are indicated below. .PP Unless otherwise mentioned all algorithms support the \fBdigest:alg\fR option which specifies the digest in use for sign, verify and verifyrecover operations. The value \fBalg\fR should represent a digest name as used in the \&\fIEVP_get_digestbyname()\fR function for example \fBsha1\fR. This value is used only for sanity-checking the lengths of data passed in to the \fBpkeyutl\fR and for creating the structures that make up the signature (e.g. \fBDigestInfo\fR in \s-1RSASSA\s0 PKCS#1 v1.5 signatures). In case of \s-1RSA, ECDSA\s0 and \s-1DSA\s0 signatures, this utility will not perform hashing on input data but rather use the data directly as input of signature algorithm. Depending on key type, signature type and mode of padding, the maximum acceptable lengths of input data differ. In general, with \s-1RSA\s0 the signed data can't be longer than the key modulus, in case of \s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1DSA\s0 the data shouldn't be longer than field size, otherwise it will be silently truncated to field size. .PP In other words, if the value of digest is \fBsha1\fR the input should be 20 bytes long binary encoding of \s-1SHA\-1\s0 hash function output. .SH "RSA ALGORITHM" .IX Header "RSA ALGORITHM" The \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm supports encrypt, decrypt, sign, verify and verifyrecover operations in general. Some padding modes only support some of these operations however. .IP "\-\fBrsa_padding_mode:mode\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rsa_padding_mode:mode" This sets the \s-1RSA\s0 padding mode. Acceptable values for \fBmode\fR are \fBpkcs1\fR for PKCS#1 padding, \fBsslv23\fR for SSLv23 padding, \fBnone\fR for no padding, \fBoaep\fR for \fB\s-1OAEP\s0\fR mode, \fBx931\fR for X9.31 mode and \fBpss\fR for \s-1PSS.\s0 .Sp In PKCS#1 padding if the message digest is not set then the supplied data is signed or verified directly instead of using a \fBDigestInfo\fR structure. If a digest is set then the a \fBDigestInfo\fR structure is used and its the length must correspond to the digest type. .Sp For \fBoeap\fR mode only encryption and decryption is supported. .Sp For \fBx931\fR if the digest type is set it is used to format the block data otherwise the first byte is used to specify the X9.31 digest \s-1ID.\s0 Sign, verify and verifyrecover are can be performed in this mode. .Sp For \fBpss\fR mode only sign and verify are supported and the digest type must be specified. .IP "\fBrsa_pss_saltlen:len\fR" 4 .IX Item "rsa_pss_saltlen:len" For \fBpss\fR mode only this option specifies the salt length. Two special values are supported: \-1 sets the salt length to the digest length. When signing \-2 sets the salt length to the maximum permissible value. When verifying \-2 causes the salt length to be automatically determined based on the \fB\s-1PSS\s0\fR block structure. .SH "DSA ALGORITHM" .IX Header "DSA ALGORITHM" The \s-1DSA\s0 algorithm supports signing and verification operations only. Currently there are no additional options other than \fBdigest\fR. Only the \s-1SHA1\s0 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default. .SH "DH ALGORITHM" .IX Header "DH ALGORITHM" The \s-1DH\s0 algorithm only supports the derivation operation and no additional options. .SH "EC ALGORITHM" .IX Header "EC ALGORITHM" The \s-1EC\s0 algorithm supports sign, verify and derive operations. The sign and verify operations use \s-1ECDSA\s0 and derive uses \s-1ECDH.\s0 Currently there are no additional options other than \fBdigest\fR. Only the \s-1SHA1\s0 digest can be used and this digest is assumed by default. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Sign some data using a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkeyutl \-sign \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-out sig .Ve .PP Recover the signed data (e.g. if an \s-1RSA\s0 key is used): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkeyutl \-verifyrecover \-in sig \-inkey key.pem .Ve .PP Verify the signature (e.g. a \s-1DSA\s0 key): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkeyutl \-verify \-in file \-sigfile sig \-inkey key.pem .Ve .PP Sign data using a message digest value (this is currently only valid for \s-1RSA\s0): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkeyutl \-sign \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-out sig \-pkeyopt digest:sha256 .Ve .PP Derive a shared secret value: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkeyutl \-derive \-inkey key.pem \-peerkey pubkey.pem \-out secret .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIgenpkey\fR\|(1), \fIpkey\fR\|(1), \fIrsautl\fR\|(1) \&\fIdgst\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1) PK!$__man1/verify.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "VERIFY 1" .TH VERIFY 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" verify \- Utility to verify certificates. .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBverify\fR [\fB\-CApath directory\fR] [\fB\-CAfile file\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-purpose purpose\fR] [\fB\-policy arg\fR] [\fB\-ignore_critical\fR] [\fB\-attime timestamp\fR] [\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR] [\fB\-crlfile file\fR] [\fB\-crl_download\fR] [\fB\-crl_check\fR] [\fB\-crl_check_all\fR] [\fB\-policy_check\fR] [\fB\-explicit_policy\fR] [\fB\-inhibit_any\fR] [\fB\-inhibit_map\fR] [\fB\-x509_strict\fR] [\fB\-extended_crl\fR] [\fB\-use_deltas\fR] [\fB\-policy_print\fR] [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR] [\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR] [\fB\-untrusted file\fR] [\fB\-help\fR] [\fB\-issuer_checks\fR] [\fB\-trusted file\fR] [\fB\-verbose\fR] [\fB\-\fR] [certificates] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBverify\fR command verifies certificate chains. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath directory" A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this form (\*(L"hash\*(R" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the \fB\-hash\fR option of the \fBx509\fR utility). Under Unix the \fBc_rehash\fR script will automatically create symbolic links to a directory of certificates. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together." 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in PEM format concatenated together." .PD 0 .IP "\fB\-attime timestamp\fR" 4 .IX Item "-attime timestamp" .PD Perform validation checks using time specified by \fBtimestamp\fR and not current system time. \fBtimestamp\fR is the number of seconds since 01.01.1970 (\s-1UNIX\s0 time). .IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4 .IX Item "-check_ss_sig" Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default because it doesn't add any security. .IP "\fB\-crlfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crlfile file" File containing one or more \s-1CRL\s0's (in \s-1PEM\s0 format) to load. .IP "\fB\-crl_download\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_download" Attempt to download \s-1CRL\s0 information for this certificate. .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_check" Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0 If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs. .IP "\fB\-untrusted file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-untrusted file" A file of untrusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together. .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory before the certificates in the untrusted file when building the trust chain to verify certificates. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-purpose purpose\fR" 4 .IX Item "-purpose purpose" The intended use for the certificate. If this option is not specified, \&\fBverify\fR will not consider certificate purpose during chain verification. Currently accepted uses are \fBsslclient\fR, \fBsslserver\fR, \fBnssslserver\fR, \&\fBsmimesign\fR, \fBsmimeencrypt\fR. See the \fB\s-1VERIFY OPERATION\s0\fR section for more information. .IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4 .IX Item "-help" Print out a usage message. .IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verbose" Print extra information about the operations being performed. .IP "\fB\-issuer_checks\fR" 4 .IX Item "-issuer_checks" Print out diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate of the current certificate. This shows why each candidate issuer certificate was rejected. The presence of rejection messages does not itself imply that anything is wrong; during the normal verification process, several rejections may take place. .IP "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-policy arg" Enable policy processing and add \fBarg\fR to the user-initial-policy-set (see \&\s-1RFC5280\s0). The policy \fBarg\fR can be an object name an \s-1OID\s0 in numeric form. This argument can appear more than once. .IP "\fB\-policy_check\fR" 4 .IX Item "-policy_check" Enables certificate policy processing. .IP "\fB\-explicit_policy\fR" 4 .IX Item "-explicit_policy" Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0). .IP "\fB\-inhibit_any\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inhibit_any" Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0). .IP "\fB\-inhibit_map\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inhibit_map" Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (see \s-1RFC5280\s0). .IP "\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_alt_chains" When building a certificate chain, if the first certificate chain found is not trusted, then OpenSSL will continue to check to see if an alternative chain can be found that is trusted. With this option that behaviour is suppressed so that only the first chain found is ever used. Using this option will force the behaviour to match that of previous OpenSSL versions. .IP "\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-allow_proxy_certs" Allow the verification of proxy certificates. .IP "\fB\-trusted file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted file" A file of additional trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format concatenated together. .IP "\fB\-policy_print\fR" 4 .IX Item "-policy_print" Print out diagnostics related to policy processing. .IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_check" Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0 If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs. .IP "\fB\-crl_check_all\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_check_all" Checks the validity of \fBall\fR certificates in the chain by attempting to look up valid CRLs. .IP "\fB\-ignore_critical\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ignore_critical" Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not supported by OpenSSL the certificate is rejected (as required by \s-1RFC5280\s0). If this option is set critical extensions are ignored. .IP "\fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4 .IX Item "-x509_strict" For strict X.509 compliance, disable non-compliant workarounds for broken certificates. .IP "\fB\-extended_crl\fR" 4 .IX Item "-extended_crl" Enable extended \s-1CRL\s0 features such as indirect CRLs and alternate \s-1CRL\s0 signing keys. .IP "\fB\-use_deltas\fR" 4 .IX Item "-use_deltas" Enable support for delta CRLs. .IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4 .IX Item "-check_ss_sig" Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default because it doesn't add any security. .IP "\fB\-\fR" 4 .IX Item "-" Indicates the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins with a \fB\-\fR. .IP "\fBcertificates\fR" 4 .IX Item "certificates" One or more certificates to verify. If no certificates are given, \fBverify\fR will attempt to read a certificate from standard input. Certificates must be in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .SH "VERIFY OPERATION" .IX Header "VERIFY OPERATION" The \fBverify\fR program uses the same functions as the internal \s-1SSL\s0 and S/MIME verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations too. .PP There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed by the \fBverify\fR program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be determined. .PP The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps. .PP Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate and ending in the root \s-1CA.\s0 It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuers certificate of the current certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer it is assumed to be the root \s-1CA.\s0 .PP The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a number of steps. In versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.5a the first certificate whose subject name matched the issuer of the current certificate was assumed to be the issuers certificate. In OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later all certificates whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer, in addition the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit certificate signing. .PP The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root \s-1CA\s0 is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be found in the trusted list. .PP The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for consistency with the supplied purpose. If the \fB\-purpose\fR option is not included then no checks are done. The supplied or \*(L"leaf\*(R" certificate must have extensions compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid \&\s-1CA\s0 certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section of the \fBx509\fR utility. .PP The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root \s-1CA.\s0 The root \&\s-1CA\s0 should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility with previous versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL a certificate with no trust settings is considered to be valid for all purposes. .PP The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this point. .PP If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered valid. If any operation fails then the certificate is not valid. .SH "DIAGNOSTICS" .IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS" When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The general form of the error message is: .PP .Vb 2 \& server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit) \& error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate .Ve .PP The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified followed by the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number and the depth. The depth is number of the certificate being verified when a problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself then 1 for the \s-1CA\s0 that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version of the error number is presented. .PP An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this also includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file x509_vfy.h Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described as \*(L"unused\*(R". .IP "\fB0 X509_V_OK: ok\fR" 4 .IX Item "0 X509_V_OK: ok" the operation was successful. .IP "\fB2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate\fR" 4 .IX Item "2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate" the issuer certificate of a looked up certificate could not be found. This normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete. .IP "\fB3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate \s-1CRL\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL: unable to get certificate CRL" the \s-1CRL\s0 of a certificate could not be found. .IP "\fB4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature\fR" 4 .IX Item "4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature" the certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value, this is only meaningful for \s-1RSA\s0 keys. .IP "\fB5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt \s-1CRL\s0's signature\fR" 4 .IX Item "5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt CRL's signature" the \s-1CRL\s0 signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused. .IP "\fB6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key\fR" 4 .IX Item "6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key" the public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read. .IP "\fB7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure\fR" 4 .IX Item "7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure" the signature of the certificate is invalid. .IP "\fB8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: \s-1CRL\s0 signature failure\fR" 4 .IX Item "8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: CRL signature failure" the signature of the certificate is invalid. .IP "\fB9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid\fR" 4 .IX Item "9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid" the certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the current time. .IP "\fB10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired\fR" 4 .IX Item "10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired" the certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before the current time. .IP "\fB11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid\fR" 4 .IX Item "11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: CRL is not yet valid" the \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid. .IP "\fB12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: \s-1CRL\s0 has expired\fR" 4 .IX Item "12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: CRL has expired" the \s-1CRL\s0 has expired. .IP "\fB13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field\fR" 4 .IX Item "13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field" the certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time. .IP "\fB14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field\fR" 4 .IX Item "14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field" the certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time. .IP "\fB15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's lastUpdate field\fR" 4 .IX Item "15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's lastUpdate field" the \s-1CRL\s0 lastUpdate field contains an invalid time. .IP "\fB16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in \s-1CRL\s0's nextUpdate field\fR" 4 .IX Item "16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's nextUpdate field" the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field contains an invalid time. .IP "\fB17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory\fR" 4 .IX Item "17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory" an error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen. .IP "\fB18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate\fR" 4 .IX Item "18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate" the passed certificate is self signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of trusted certificates. .IP "\fB19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain\fR" 4 .IX Item "19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain" the certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not be found locally. .IP "\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate\fR" 4 .IX Item "20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate" the issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer certificate of an untrusted certificate cannot be found. .IP "\fB21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate\fR" 4 .IX Item "21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate" no signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not self signed. .IP "\fB22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long\fR" 4 .IX Item "22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long" the certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused. .IP "\fB23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked\fR" 4 .IX Item "23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked" the certificate has been revoked. .IP "\fB24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid \s-1CA\s0 certificate\fR" 4 .IX Item "24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid CA certificate" a \s-1CA\s0 certificate is invalid. Either it is not a \s-1CA\s0 or its extensions are not consistent with the supplied purpose. .IP "\fB25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded\fR" 4 .IX Item "25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded" the basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded. .IP "\fB26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose\fR" 4 .IX Item "26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose" the supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose. .IP "\fB27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted\fR" 4 .IX Item "27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted" the root \s-1CA\s0 is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose. .IP "\fB28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected\fR" 4 .IX Item "28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected" the root \s-1CA\s0 is marked to reject the specified purpose. .IP "\fB29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch" the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set. .IP "\fB30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch" the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set. .IP "\fB31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch" the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name and serial number was present and did not match the authority key identifier of the current certificate. Only displayed when the \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is set. .IP "\fB32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing\fR" 4 .IX Item "32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing" the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its keyUsage extension does not permit certificate signing. .IP "\fB50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure\fR" 4 .IX Item "50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure" an application specific error. Unused. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Although the issuer checks are a considerable improvement over the old technique they still suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP \s-1API.\s0 One consequence of this is that trusted certificates with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the \&\fB\-CAfile\fR option) or a directory (as specified by \fB\-CApath\fR. If they occur in both then only the certificates in the file will be recognised. .PP Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject name are identical and mishandled them. .PP Previous versions of this documentation swapped the meaning of the \&\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT\fR and \&\fB20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY\fR error codes. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIx509\fR\|(1) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b. PK!q<<man1/nseq.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "NSEQ 1" .TH NSEQ 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" nseq \- create or examine a netscape certificate sequence .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBnseq\fR [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-toseq\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBnseq\fR command takes a file containing a Netscape certificate sequence and prints out the certificates contained in it or takes a file of certificates and converts it into a Netscape certificate sequence. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-toseq\fR" 4 .IX Item "-toseq" normally a Netscape certificate sequence will be input and the output is the certificates contained in it. With the \fB\-toseq\fR option the situation is reversed: a Netscape certificate sequence is created from a file of certificates. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Output the certificates in a Netscape certificate sequence .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl nseq \-in nseq.pem \-out certs.pem .Ve .PP Create a Netscape certificate sequence .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl nseq \-in certs.pem \-toseq \-out nseq.pem .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR encoded form uses the same headers and footers as a certificate: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP A Netscape certificate sequence is a Netscape specific form that can be sent to browsers as an alternative to the standard PKCS#7 format when several certificates are sent to the browser: for example during certificate enrollment. It is used by Netscape certificate server for example. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" This program needs a few more options: like allowing \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0 input and output files and allowing multiple certificate files to be used. PK!h++ man1/rsa.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "RSA 1" .TH RSA 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" rsa \- RSA key processing tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBrsa\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|NET|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|NET|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-sgckey\fR] [\fB\-aes128\fR] [\fB\-aes192\fR] [\fB\-aes256\fR] [\fB\-camellia128\fR] [\fB\-camellia192\fR] [\fB\-camellia256\fR] [\fB\-des\fR] [\fB\-des3\fR] [\fB\-idea\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-modulus\fR] [\fB\-check\fR] [\fB\-pubin\fR] [\fB\-pubout\fR] [\fB\-RSAPublicKey_in\fR] [\fB\-RSAPublicKey_out\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBrsa\fR command processes \s-1RSA\s0 keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. \fBNote\fR this command uses the traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the \fBpkcs8\fR utility. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|NET|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|NET|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded form compatible with the PKCS#1 RSAPrivateKey or SubjectPublicKeyInfo format. The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. On input PKCS#8 format private keys are also accepted. The \fB\s-1NET\s0\fR form is a format is described in the \fB\s-1NOTES\s0\fR section. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|NET|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|NET|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output if this option is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-passout password\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout password" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-sgckey\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sgckey" use the modified \s-1NET\s0 algorithm used with some versions of Microsoft \s-1IIS\s0 and \s-1SGC\s0 keys. .IP "\fB\-aes128|\-aes192|\-aes256|\-camellia128|\-camellia192|\-camellia256|\-des|\-des3|\-idea\fR" 4 .IX Item "-aes128|-aes192|-aes256|-camellia128|-camellia192|-camellia256|-des|-des3|-idea" These options encrypt the private key with the specified cipher before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This means that using the \fBrsa\fR utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with \s-1PEM\s0 format output files. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the various public or private key components in plain text in addition to the encoded version. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key. .IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4 .IX Item "-modulus" this option prints out the value of the modulus of the key. .IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4 .IX Item "-check" this option checks the consistency of an \s-1RSA\s0 private key. .IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubin" by default a private key is read from the input file: with this option a public key is read instead. .IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubout" by default a private key is output: with this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key. .IP "\fB\-RSAPublicKey_in\fR, \fB\-RSAPublicKey_out\fR" 4 .IX Item "-RSAPublicKey_in, -RSAPublicKey_out" like \fB\-pubin\fR and \fB\-pubout\fR except \fBRSAPublicKey\fR format is used instead. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBrsa\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM\s0 private key format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END RSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The \s-1PEM\s0 public key format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The \s-1PEM \s0\fBRSAPublicKey\fR format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END RSA PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The \fB\s-1NET\s0\fR form is a format compatible with older Netscape servers and Microsoft \s-1IIS \s0.key files, this uses unsalted \s-1RC4\s0 for its encryption. It is not very secure and so should only be used when necessary. .PP Some newer version of \s-1IIS\s0 have additional data in the exported .key files. To use these with the utility, view the file with a binary editor and look for the string \*(L"private-key\*(R", then trace back to the byte sequence 0x30, 0x82 (this is an \s-1ASN1 SEQUENCE\s0). Copy all the data from this point onwards to another file and use that as the input to the \fBrsa\fR utility with the \fB\-inform \s-1NET\s0\fR option. If you get an error after entering the password try the \fB\-sgckey\fR option. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" To remove the pass phrase on an \s-1RSA\s0 private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der .Ve .PP To print out the components of a private key to standard output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-text \-noout .Ve .PP To just output the public part of a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem .Ve .PP Output the public part of a private key in \fBRSAPublicKey\fR format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-RSAPublicKey_out \-out pubkey.pem .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" The command line password arguments don't currently work with \&\fB\s-1NET\s0\fR format. .PP There should be an option that automatically handles .key files, without having to manually edit them. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIpkcs8\fR\|(1), \fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIgendsa\fR\|(1) PK!ii man1/ts.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "TS 1" .TH TS 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" ts \- Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server) .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBts\fR \&\fB\-query\fR [\fB\-rand\fR file:file...] [\fB\-config\fR configfile] [\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash] [\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes] [\fB\-md2\fR|\fB\-md4\fR|\fB\-md5\fR|\fB\-sha\fR|\fB\-sha1\fR|\fB\-mdc2\fR|\fB\-ripemd160\fR|\fB...\fR] [\fB\-policy\fR object_id] [\fB\-no_nonce\fR] [\fB\-cert\fR] [\fB\-in\fR request.tsq] [\fB\-out\fR request.tsq] [\fB\-text\fR] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBts\fR \&\fB\-reply\fR [\fB\-config\fR configfile] [\fB\-section\fR tsa_section] [\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq] [\fB\-passin\fR password_src] [\fB\-signer\fR tsa_cert.pem] [\fB\-inkey\fR private.pem] [\fB\-chain\fR certs_file.pem] [\fB\-policy\fR object_id] [\fB\-in\fR response.tsr] [\fB\-token_in\fR] [\fB\-out\fR response.tsr] [\fB\-token_out\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-engine\fR id] .PP \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBts\fR \&\fB\-verify\fR [\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash] [\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes] [\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq] [\fB\-in\fR response.tsr] [\fB\-token_in\fR] [\fB\-CApath\fR trusted_cert_path] [\fB\-CAfile\fR trusted_certs.pem] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-untrusted\fR cert_file.pem] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBts\fR command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (\s-1TSA\s0) client and server application as specified in \s-1RFC 3161 \s0(Time-Stamp Protocol, \s-1TSP\s0). A \&\s-1TSA\s0 can be part of a \s-1PKI\s0 deployment and its role is to provide long term proof of the existence of a certain datum before a particular time. Here is a brief description of the protocol: .IP "1." 4 The \s-1TSA\s0 client computes a one-way hash value for a data file and sends the hash to the \s-1TSA.\s0 .IP "2." 4 The \s-1TSA\s0 attaches the current date and time to the received hash value, signs them and sends the time stamp token back to the client. By creating this token the \s-1TSA\s0 certifies the existence of the original data file at the time of response generation. .IP "3." 4 The \s-1TSA\s0 client receives the time stamp token and verifies the signature on it. It also checks if the token contains the same hash value that it had sent to the \s-1TSA.\s0 .PP There is one \s-1DER\s0 encoded protocol data unit defined for transporting a time stamp request to the \s-1TSA\s0 and one for sending the time stamp response back to the client. The \fBts\fR command has three main functions: creating a time stamp request based on a data file, creating a time stamp response based on a request, verifying if a response corresponds to a particular request or a data file. .PP There is no support for sending the requests/responses automatically over \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1TCP\s0 yet as suggested in \s-1RFC 3161.\s0 The users must send the requests either by ftp or e\-mail. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .SS "Time Stamp Request generation" .IX Subsection "Time Stamp Request generation" The \fB\-query\fR switch can be used for creating and printing a time stamp request with the following options: .IP "\fB\-rand\fR file:file..." 4 .IX Item "-rand file:file..." The files containing random data for seeding the random number generator. Multiple files can be specified, the separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for \s-1VMS\s0 and \fB:\fR for all other platforms. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-config\fR configfile" 4 .IX Item "-config configfile" The configuration file to use, this option overrides the \&\fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR environment variable. Only the \s-1OID\s0 section of the config file is used with the \fB\-query\fR command. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash" 4 .IX Item "-data file_to_hash" The data file for which the time stamp request needs to be created. stdin is the default if neither the \fB\-data\fR nor the \fB\-digest\fR parameter is specified. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes" 4 .IX Item "-digest digest_bytes" It is possible to specify the message imprint explicitly without the data file. The imprint must be specified in a hexadecimal format, two characters per byte, the bytes optionally separated by colons (e.g. 1A:F6:01:... or 1AF601...). The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm in use. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-md2\fR|\fB\-md4\fR|\fB\-md5\fR|\fB\-sha\fR|\fB\-sha1\fR|\fB\-mdc2\fR|\fB\-ripemd160\fR|\fB...\fR" 4 .IX Item "-md2|-md4|-md5|-sha|-sha1|-mdc2|-ripemd160|..." The message digest to apply to the data file, it supports all the message digest algorithms that are supported by the openssl \fBdgst\fR command. The default is \s-1SHA\-1. \s0(Optional) .IP "\fB\-policy\fR object_id" 4 .IX Item "-policy object_id" The policy that the client expects the \s-1TSA\s0 to use for creating the time stamp token. Either the dotted \s-1OID\s0 notation or \s-1OID\s0 names defined in the config file can be used. If no policy is requested the \s-1TSA\s0 will use its own default policy. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-no_nonce\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_nonce" No nonce is specified in the request if this option is given. Otherwise a 64 bit long pseudo-random none is included in the request. It is recommended to use nonce to protect against replay-attacks. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-cert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert" The \s-1TSA\s0 is expected to include its signing certificate in the response. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-in\fR request.tsq" 4 .IX Item "-in request.tsq" This option specifies a previously created time stamp request in \s-1DER\s0 format that will be printed into the output file. Useful when you need to examine the content of a request in human-readable .Sp format. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-out\fR request.tsq" 4 .IX Item "-out request.tsq" Name of the output file to which the request will be written. Default is stdout. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" If this option is specified the output is human-readable text format instead of \s-1DER. \s0(Optional) .SS "Time Stamp Response generation" .IX Subsection "Time Stamp Response generation" A time stamp response (TimeStampResp) consists of a response status and the time stamp token itself (ContentInfo), if the token generation was successful. The \fB\-reply\fR command is for creating a time stamp response or time stamp token based on a request and printing the response/token in human-readable format. If \fB\-token_out\fR is not specified the output is always a time stamp response (TimeStampResp), otherwise it is a time stamp token (ContentInfo). .IP "\fB\-config\fR configfile" 4 .IX Item "-config configfile" The configuration file to use, this option overrides the \&\fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR environment variable. See \fB\s-1CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS\s0\fR for configurable variables. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-section\fR tsa_section" 4 .IX Item "-section tsa_section" The name of the config file section conatining the settings for the response generation. If not specified the default \s-1TSA\s0 section is used, see \fB\s-1CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS\s0\fR for details. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq" 4 .IX Item "-queryfile request.tsq" The name of the file containing a \s-1DER\s0 encoded time stamp request. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-passin\fR password_src" 4 .IX Item "-passin password_src" Specifies the password source for the private key of the \s-1TSA.\s0 See \&\fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). (Optional) .IP "\fB\-signer\fR tsa_cert.pem" 4 .IX Item "-signer tsa_cert.pem" The signer certificate of the \s-1TSA\s0 in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The \s-1TSA\s0 signing certificate must have exactly one extended key usage assigned to it: timeStamping. The extended key usage must also be critical, otherwise the certificate is going to be refused. Overrides the \fBsigner_cert\fR variable of the config file. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-inkey\fR private.pem" 4 .IX Item "-inkey private.pem" The signer private key of the \s-1TSA\s0 in \s-1PEM\s0 format. Overrides the \&\fBsigner_key\fR config file option. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-chain\fR certs_file.pem" 4 .IX Item "-chain certs_file.pem" The collection of certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format that will all be included in the response in addition to the signer certificate if the \fB\-cert\fR option was used for the request. This file is supposed to contain the certificate chain for the signer certificate from its issuer upwards. The \fB\-reply\fR command does not build a certificate chain automatically. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-policy\fR object_id" 4 .IX Item "-policy object_id" The default policy to use for the response unless the client explicitly requires a particular \s-1TSA\s0 policy. The \s-1OID\s0 can be specified either in dotted notation or with its name. Overrides the \&\fBdefault_policy\fR config file option. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-in\fR response.tsr" 4 .IX Item "-in response.tsr" Specifies a previously created time stamp response or time stamp token (if \fB\-token_in\fR is also specified) in \s-1DER\s0 format that will be written to the output file. This option does not require a request, it is useful e.g. when you need to examine the content of a response or token or you want to extract the time stamp token from a response. If the input is a token and the output is a time stamp response a default \&'granted' status info is added to the token. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-token_in\fR" 4 .IX Item "-token_in" This flag can be used together with the \fB\-in\fR option and indicates that the input is a \s-1DER\s0 encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). (Optional) .IP "\fB\-out\fR response.tsr" 4 .IX Item "-out response.tsr" The response is written to this file. The format and content of the file depends on other options (see \fB\-text\fR, \fB\-token_out\fR). The default is stdout. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-token_out\fR" 4 .IX Item "-token_out" The output is a time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of time stamp response (TimeStampResp). (Optional) .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" If this option is specified the output is human-readable text format instead of \s-1DER. \s0(Optional) .IP "\fB\-engine\fR id" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBts\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. Default is builtin. (Optional) .SS "Time Stamp Response verification" .IX Subsection "Time Stamp Response verification" The \fB\-verify\fR command is for verifying if a time stamp response or time stamp token is valid and matches a particular time stamp request or data file. The \fB\-verify\fR command does not use the configuration file. .IP "\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash" 4 .IX Item "-data file_to_hash" The response or token must be verified against file_to_hash. The file is hashed with the message digest algorithm specified in the token. The \fB\-digest\fR and \fB\-queryfile\fR options must not be specified with this one. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes" 4 .IX Item "-digest digest_bytes" The response or token must be verified against the message digest specified with this option. The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm specified in the token. The \fB\-data\fR and \fB\-queryfile\fR options must not be specified with this one. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq" 4 .IX Item "-queryfile request.tsq" The original time stamp request in \s-1DER\s0 format. The \fB\-data\fR and \fB\-digest\fR options must not be specified with this one. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-in\fR response.tsr" 4 .IX Item "-in response.tsr" The time stamp response that needs to be verified in \s-1DER\s0 format. (Mandatory) .IP "\fB\-token_in\fR" 4 .IX Item "-token_in" This flag can be used together with the \fB\-in\fR option and indicates that the input is a \s-1DER\s0 encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). (Optional) .IP "\fB\-CApath\fR trusted_cert_path" 4 .IX Item "-CApath trusted_cert_path" The name of the directory containing the trused \s-1CA\s0 certificates of the client. See the similar option of \fIverify\fR\|(1) for additional details. Either this option or \fB\-CAfile\fR must be specified. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-CAfile\fR trusted_certs.pem" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile trusted_certs.pem" The name of the file containing a set of trusted self-signed \s-1CA \s0 certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format. See the similar option of \&\fIverify\fR\|(1) for additional details. Either this option or \fB\-CApath\fR must be specified. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory before other certificates when building the trust chain to verify certificates. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-untrusted\fR cert_file.pem" 4 .IX Item "-untrusted cert_file.pem" Set of additional untrusted certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format which may be needed when building the certificate chain for the \s-1TSA\s0's signing certificate. This file must contain the \s-1TSA\s0 signing certificate and all intermediate \s-1CA\s0 certificates unless the response includes them. (Optional) .SH "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS" .IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS" The \fB\-query\fR and \fB\-reply\fR commands make use of a configuration file defined by the \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR environment variable. See \fIconfig\fR\|(5) for a general description of the syntax of the config file. The \&\fB\-query\fR command uses only the symbolic \s-1OID\s0 names section and it can work without it. However, the \fB\-reply\fR command needs the config file for its operation. .PP When there is a command line switch equivalent of a variable the switch always overrides the settings in the config file. .IP "\fBtsa\fR section, \fBdefault_tsa\fR" 4 .IX Item "tsa section, default_tsa" This is the main section and it specifies the name of another section that contains all the options for the \fB\-reply\fR command. This default section can be overridden with the \fB\-section\fR command line switch. (Optional) .IP "\fBoid_file\fR" 4 .IX Item "oid_file" See \fIca\fR\|(1) for description. (Optional) .IP "\fBoid_section\fR" 4 .IX Item "oid_section" See \fIca\fR\|(1) for description. (Optional) .IP "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "RANDFILE" See \fIca\fR\|(1) for description. (Optional) .IP "\fBserial\fR" 4 .IX Item "serial" The name of the file containing the hexadecimal serial number of the last time stamp response created. This number is incremented by 1 for each response. If the file does not exist at the time of response generation a new file is created with serial number 1. (Mandatory) .IP "\fBcrypto_device\fR" 4 .IX Item "crypto_device" Specifies the OpenSSL engine that will be set as the default for all available algorithms. The default value is builtin, you can specify any other engines supported by OpenSSL (e.g. use chil for the NCipher \s-1HSM\s0). (Optional) .IP "\fBsigner_cert\fR" 4 .IX Item "signer_cert" \&\s-1TSA\s0 signing certificate in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The same as the \fB\-signer\fR command line option. (Optional) .IP "\fBcerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "certs" A file containing a set of \s-1PEM\s0 encoded certificates that need to be included in the response. The same as the \fB\-chain\fR command line option. (Optional) .IP "\fBsigner_key\fR" 4 .IX Item "signer_key" The private key of the \s-1TSA\s0 in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The same as the \fB\-inkey\fR command line option. (Optional) .IP "\fBdefault_policy\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_policy" The default policy to use when the request does not mandate any policy. The same as the \fB\-policy\fR command line option. (Optional) .IP "\fBother_policies\fR" 4 .IX Item "other_policies" Comma separated list of policies that are also acceptable by the \s-1TSA\s0 and used only if the request explicitly specifies one of them. (Optional) .IP "\fBdigests\fR" 4 .IX Item "digests" The list of message digest algorithms that the \s-1TSA\s0 accepts. At least one algorithm must be specified. (Mandatory) .IP "\fBaccuracy\fR" 4 .IX Item "accuracy" The accuracy of the time source of the \s-1TSA\s0 in seconds, milliseconds and microseconds. E.g. secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100. If any of the components is missing zero is assumed for that field. (Optional) .IP "\fBclock_precision_digits\fR" 4 .IX Item "clock_precision_digits" Specifies the maximum number of digits, which represent the fraction of seconds, that need to be included in the time field. The trailing zeroes must be removed from the time, so there might actually be fewer digits, or no fraction of seconds at all. Supported only on \s-1UNIX\s0 platforms. The maximum value is 6, default is 0. (Optional) .IP "\fBordering\fR" 4 .IX Item "ordering" If this option is yes the responses generated by this \s-1TSA\s0 can always be ordered, even if the time difference between two responses is less than the sum of their accuracies. Default is no. (Optional) .IP "\fBtsa_name\fR" 4 .IX Item "tsa_name" Set this option to yes if the subject name of the \s-1TSA\s0 must be included in the \s-1TSA\s0 name field of the response. Default is no. (Optional) .IP "\fBess_cert_id_chain\fR" 4 .IX Item "ess_cert_id_chain" The SignedData objects created by the \s-1TSA\s0 always contain the certificate identifier of the signing certificate in a signed attribute (see \s-1RFC 2634,\s0 Enhanced Security Services). If this option is set to yes and either the \fBcerts\fR variable or the \fB\-chain\fR option is specified then the certificate identifiers of the chain will also be included in the SigningCertificate signed attribute. If this variable is set to no, only the signing certificate identifier is included. Default is no. (Optional) .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" \&\fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR contains the path of the configuration file and can be overridden by the \fB\-config\fR command line option. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" All the examples below presume that \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR is set to a proper configuration file, e.g. the example configuration file openssl/apps/openssl.cnf will do. .SS "Time Stamp Request" .IX Subsection "Time Stamp Request" To create a time stamp request for design1.txt with \s-1SHA\-1 \s0 without nonce and policy and no certificate is required in the response: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ts \-query \-data design1.txt \-no_nonce \e \& \-out design1.tsq .Ve .PP To create a similar time stamp request with specifying the message imprint explicitly: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ts \-query \-digest b7e5d3f93198b38379852f2c04e78d73abdd0f4b \e \& \-no_nonce \-out design1.tsq .Ve .PP To print the content of the previous request in human readable format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-query \-in design1.tsq \-text .Ve .PP To create a time stamp request which includes the \s-1MD\-5\s0 digest of design2.txt, requests the signer certificate and nonce, specifies a policy id (assuming the tsa_policy1 name is defined in the \&\s-1OID\s0 section of the config file): .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ts \-query \-data design2.txt \-md5 \e \& \-policy tsa_policy1 \-cert \-out design2.tsq .Ve .SS "Time Stamp Response" .IX Subsection "Time Stamp Response" Before generating a response a signing certificate must be created for the \s-1TSA\s0 that contains the \fBtimeStamping\fR critical extended key usage extension without any other key usage extensions. You can add the \&'extendedKeyUsage = critical,timeStamping' line to the user certificate section of the config file to generate a proper certificate. See \fIreq\fR\|(1), \&\fIca\fR\|(1), \fIx509\fR\|(1) for instructions. The examples below assume that cacert.pem contains the certificate of the \s-1CA,\s0 tsacert.pem is the signing certificate issued by cacert.pem and tsakey.pem is the private key of the \s-1TSA.\s0 .PP To create a time stamp response for a request: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ts \-reply \-queryfile design1.tsq \-inkey tsakey.pem \e \& \-signer tsacert.pem \-out design1.tsr .Ve .PP If you want to use the settings in the config file you could just write: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-reply \-queryfile design1.tsq \-out design1.tsr .Ve .PP To print a time stamp reply to stdout in human readable format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1.tsr \-text .Ve .PP To create a time stamp token instead of time stamp response: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-reply \-queryfile design1.tsq \-out design1_token.der \-token_out .Ve .PP To print a time stamp token to stdout in human readable format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1_token.der \-token_in \-text \-token_out .Ve .PP To extract the time stamp token from a response: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1.tsr \-out design1_token.der \-token_out .Ve .PP To add 'granted' status info to a time stamp token thereby creating a valid response: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1_token.der \-token_in \-out design1.tsr .Ve .SS "Time Stamp Verification" .IX Subsection "Time Stamp Verification" To verify a time stamp reply against a request: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ts \-verify \-queryfile design1.tsq \-in design1.tsr \e \& \-CAfile cacert.pem \-untrusted tsacert.pem .Ve .PP To verify a time stamp reply that includes the certificate chain: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl ts \-verify \-queryfile design2.tsq \-in design2.tsr \e \& \-CAfile cacert.pem .Ve .PP To verify a time stamp token against the original data file: openssl ts \-verify \-data design2.txt \-in design2.tsr \e \-CAfile cacert.pem .PP To verify a time stamp token against a message imprint: openssl ts \-verify \-digest b7e5d3f93198b38379852f2c04e78d73abdd0f4b \e \-in design2.tsr \-CAfile cacert.pem .PP You could also look at the 'test' directory for more examples. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" If you find any bugs or you have suggestions please write to Zoltan Glozik . Known issues: .IP "\(bu" 4 No support for time stamps over \s-1SMTP,\s0 though it is quite easy to implement an automatic e\-mail based \s-1TSA\s0 with \fIprocmail\fR\|(1) and \fIperl\fR\|(1). \s-1HTTP\s0 server support is provided in the form of a separate apache module. \s-1HTTP\s0 client support is provided by \&\fItsget\fR\|(1). Pure \s-1TCP/IP\s0 protocol is not supported. .IP "\(bu" 4 The file containing the last serial number of the \s-1TSA\s0 is not locked when being read or written. This is a problem if more than one instance of \fIopenssl\fR\|(1) is trying to create a time stamp response at the same time. This is not an issue when using the apache server module, it does proper locking. .IP "\(bu" 4 Look for the \s-1FIXME\s0 word in the source files. .IP "\(bu" 4 The source code should really be reviewed by somebody else, too. .IP "\(bu" 4 More testing is needed, I have done only some basic tests (see test/testtsa). .SH "AUTHOR" .IX Header "AUTHOR" Zoltan Glozik , OpenTSA project (http://www.opentsa.org) .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fItsget\fR\|(1), \fIopenssl\fR\|(1), \fIreq\fR\|(1), \&\fIx509\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIconfig\fR\|(5) PK!5Uman1/genrsa.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "GENRSA 1" .TH GENRSA 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" genrsa \- generate an RSA private key .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgenrsa\fR [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-aes128\fR] [\fB\-aes192\fR] [\fB\-aes256\fR] [\fB\-camellia128\fR] [\fB\-camellia192\fR] [\fB\-camellia256\fR] [\fB\-des\fR] [\fB\-des3\fR] [\fB\-idea\fR] [\fB\-f4\fR] [\fB\-3\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fBnumbits\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBgenrsa\fR command generates an \s-1RSA\s0 private key. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" the output filename. If this argument is not specified then standard output is used. .IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout arg" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-aes128|\-aes192|\-aes256|\-camellia128|\-camellia192|\-camellia256|\-des|\-des3|\-idea\fR" 4 .IX Item "-aes128|-aes192|-aes256|-camellia128|-camellia192|-camellia256|-des|-des3|-idea" These options encrypt the private key with specified cipher before outputting it. If none of these options is specified no encryption is used. If encryption is used a pass phrase is prompted for if it is not supplied via the \fB\-passout\fR argument. .IP "\fB\-F4|\-3\fR" 4 .IX Item "-F4|-3" the public exponent to use, either 65537 or 3. The default is 65537. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgenrsa\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fBnumbits\fR" 4 .IX Item "numbits" the size of the private key to generate in bits. This must be the last option specified. The default is 512. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\s-1RSA\s0 private key generation essentially involves the generation of two prime numbers. When generating a private key various symbols will be output to indicate the progress of the generation. A \fB.\fR represents each number which has passed an initial sieve test, \fB+\fR means a number has passed a single round of the Miller-Rabin primality test. A newline means that the number has passed all the prime tests (the actual number depends on the key size). .PP Because key generation is a random process the time taken to generate a key may vary somewhat. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" A quirk of the prime generation algorithm is that it cannot generate small primes. Therefore the number of bits should not be less that 64. For typical private keys this will not matter because for security reasons they will be much larger (typically 1024 bits). .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIgendsa\fR\|(1) PK!Z E Eman1/pkcs12.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PKCS12 1" .TH PKCS12 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" pkcs12 \- PKCS#12 file utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs12\fR [\fB\-export\fR] [\fB\-chain\fR] [\fB\-inkey filename\fR] [\fB\-certfile filename\fR] [\fB\-name name\fR] [\fB\-caname name\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-nomacver\fR] [\fB\-nocerts\fR] [\fB\-clcerts\fR] [\fB\-cacerts\fR] [\fB\-nokeys\fR] [\fB\-info\fR] [\fB\-des | \-des3 | \-idea | \-aes128 | \-aes192 | \-aes256 | \-camellia128 | \-camellia192 | \-camellia256 | \-nodes\fR] [\fB\-noiter\fR] [\fB\-maciter | \-nomaciter | \-nomac\fR] [\fB\-twopass\fR] [\fB\-descert\fR] [\fB\-certpbe cipher\fR] [\fB\-keypbe cipher\fR] [\fB\-macalg digest\fR] [\fB\-keyex\fR] [\fB\-keysig\fR] [\fB\-password arg\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-CAfile file\fR] [\fB\-CApath dir\fR] [\fB\-CSP name\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpkcs12\fR command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as \&\s-1PFX\s0 files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several programs including Netscape, \s-1MSIE\s0 and \s-1MS\s0 Outlook. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file is being created or parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed. A PKCS#12 file can be created by using the \fB\-export\fR option (see below). .SH "PARSING OPTIONS" .IX Header "PARSING OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used by default. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by default. They are all written in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout arg" pass phrase source to encrypt any outputted private keys with. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-password arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-password arg" With \-export, \-password is equivalent to \-passout. Otherwise, \-password is equivalent to \-passin. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file version of the PKCS#12 file. .IP "\fB\-clcerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "-clcerts" only output client certificates (not \s-1CA\s0 certificates). .IP "\fB\-cacerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cacerts" only output \s-1CA\s0 certificates (not client certificates). .IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nocerts" no certificates at all will be output. .IP "\fB\-nokeys\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nokeys" no private keys will be output. .IP "\fB\-info\fR" 4 .IX Item "-info" output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used and iteration counts. .IP "\fB\-des\fR" 4 .IX Item "-des" use \s-1DES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting. .IP "\fB\-des3\fR" 4 .IX Item "-des3" use triple \s-1DES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default. .IP "\fB\-idea\fR" 4 .IX Item "-idea" use \s-1IDEA\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting. .IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR" 4 .IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256" use \s-1AES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting. .IP "\fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR" 4 .IX Item "-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256" use Camellia to encrypt private keys before outputting. .IP "\fB\-nodes\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nodes" don't encrypt the private keys at all. .IP "\fB\-nomacver\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nomacver" don't attempt to verify the integrity \s-1MAC\s0 before reading the file. .IP "\fB\-twopass\fR" 4 .IX Item "-twopass" prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software always assumes these are the same so this option will render such PKCS#12 files unreadable. .SH "FILE CREATION OPTIONS" .IX Header "FILE CREATION OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-export\fR" 4 .IX Item "-export" This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than parsed. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used by default. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by default. They must all be in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The order doesn't matter but one private key and its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional certificates are present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file. .IP "\fB\-inkey filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inkey filename" file to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present in the input file. .IP "\fB\-name friendlyname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-name friendlyname" This specifies the \*(L"friendly name\*(R" for the certificate and private key. This name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file. .IP "\fB\-certfile filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certfile filename" A filename to read additional certificates from. .IP "\fB\-caname friendlyname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-caname friendlyname" This specifies the \*(L"friendly name\*(R" for other certificates. This option may be used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates whereas \s-1MSIE\s0 displays them. .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR, \fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pass arg, -passout arg" the PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-passin password\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin password" pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-chain\fR" 4 .IX Item "-chain" if this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard \s-1CA\s0 store is used for this search. If the search fails it is considered a fatal error. .IP "\fB\-descert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-descert" encrypt the certificate using triple \s-1DES,\s0 this may render the PKCS#12 file unreadable by some \*(L"export grade\*(R" software. By default the private key is encrypted using triple \s-1DES\s0 and the certificate using 40 bit \s-1RC2.\s0 .IP "\fB\-keypbe alg\fR, \fB\-certpbe alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keypbe alg, -certpbe alg" these options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 \s-1PBE\s0 algorithm name can be used (see \fB\s-1NOTES\s0\fR section for more information). If a cipher name (as output by the \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR command is specified then it is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only use PKCS#12 algorithms. .IP "\fB\-keyex|\-keysig\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyex|-keysig" specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing. This option is only interpreted by \s-1MSIE\s0 and similar \s-1MS\s0 software. Normally \&\*(L"export grade\*(R" software will only allow 512 bit \s-1RSA\s0 keys to be used for encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The \fB\-keysig\fR option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and \s-1SSL\s0 client authentication, however due to a bug only \s-1MSIE 5.0\s0 and later support the use of signing only keys for \s-1SSL\s0 client authentication. .IP "\fB\-macalg digest\fR" 4 .IX Item "-macalg digest" specify the \s-1MAC\s0 digest algorithm. If not included them \s-1SHA1\s0 will be used. .IP "\fB\-nomaciter\fR, \fB\-noiter\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nomaciter, -noiter" these options affect the iteration counts on the \s-1MAC\s0 and key algorithms. Unless you wish to produce files compatible with \s-1MSIE 4.0\s0 you should leave these options alone. .Sp To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords the algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it down. The \s-1MAC\s0 is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked. By default both \s-1MAC\s0 and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using these options the \s-1MAC\s0 and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1, since this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you really have to. Most software supports both \s-1MAC\s0 and key iteration counts. \&\s-1MSIE 4.0\s0 doesn't support \s-1MAC\s0 iteration counts so it needs the \fB\-nomaciter\fR option. .IP "\fB\-maciter\fR" 4 .IX Item "-maciter" This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used to be needed to use \s-1MAC\s0 iterations counts but they are now used by default. .IP "\fB\-nomac\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nomac" don't attempt to provide the \s-1MAC\s0 integrity. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" \&\s-1CA\s0 storage as a file. .IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath dir" \&\s-1CA\s0 storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked to each certificate. .IP "\fB\-CSP name\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CSP name" write \fBname\fR as a Microsoft \s-1CSP\s0 name. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely used. For PKCS#12 file parsing only \fB\-in\fR and \fB\-out\fR need to be used for PKCS#12 file creation \fB\-export\fR and \fB\-name\fR are also used. .PP If none of the \fB\-clcerts\fR, \fB\-cacerts\fR or \fB\-nocerts\fR options are present then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires a private key and certificate and assumes the first certificate in the file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always be the case. Using the \fB\-clcerts\fR option will solve this problem by only outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the \s-1CA\s0 certificates are required then they can be output to a separate file using the \fB\-nokeys \-cacerts\fR options to just output \s-1CA\s0 certificates. .PP The \fB\-keypbe\fR and \fB\-certpbe\fR algorithms allow the precise encryption algorithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple \s-1DES\s0 encrypted private keys, then the option \fB\-keypbe \s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-40\s0\fR can be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40 bit \s-1RC2. A\s0 complete description of all algorithms is contained in the \fBpkcs8\fR manual page. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-out file.pem .Ve .PP Output only client certificates to a file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-clcerts \-out file.pem .Ve .PP Don't encrypt the private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-out file.pem \-nodes .Ve .PP Print some info about a PKCS#12 file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-info \-noout .Ve .PP Create a PKCS#12 file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs12 \-export \-in file.pem \-out file.p12 \-name "My Certificate" .Ve .PP Include some extra certificates: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl pkcs12 \-export \-in file.pem \-out file.p12 \-name "My Certificate" \e \& \-certfile othercerts.pem .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :\-) .PP Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key generation routines. Under rare circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12 files which triggered this bug from other implementations (\s-1MSIE\s0 or Netscape) could not be decrypted by OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could not be decrypted by other implementations. The chances of producing such a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256. .PP A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12 files cannot no longer be parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances the \fBpkcs12\fR utility will report that the \s-1MAC\s0 is \s-1OK\s0 but fail with a decryption error when extracting private keys. .PP This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and certificates from the PKCS#12 file using an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12 file from the keys and certificates using a newer version of OpenSSL. For example: .PP .Vb 2 \& old\-openssl \-in bad.p12 \-out keycerts.pem \& openssl \-in keycerts.pem \-export \-name "My PKCS#12 file" \-out fixed.p12 .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIpkcs8\fR\|(1) PK!cX''man1/asn1parse.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "ASN1PARSE 1" .TH ASN1PARSE 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" asn1parse \- ASN.1 parsing tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBasn1parse\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-offset number\fR] [\fB\-length number\fR] [\fB\-i\fR] [\fB\-oid filename\fR] [\fB\-dump\fR] [\fB\-dlimit num\fR] [\fB\-strparse offset\fR] [\fB\-genstr string\fR] [\fB\-genconf file\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBasn1parse\fR command is a diagnostic utility that can parse \s-1ASN.1\s0 structures. It can also be used to extract data from \s-1ASN.1\s0 formatted data. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform\fR \fBDER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" the input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR is binary format and \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is base64 encoded. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" the input file, default is standard input .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" output file to place the \s-1DER\s0 encoded data into. If this option is not present then no data will be output. This is most useful when combined with the \fB\-strparse\fR option. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" don't output the parsed version of the input file. .IP "\fB\-offset number\fR" 4 .IX Item "-offset number" starting offset to begin parsing, default is start of file. .IP "\fB\-length number\fR" 4 .IX Item "-length number" number of bytes to parse, default is until end of file. .IP "\fB\-i\fR" 4 .IX Item "-i" indents the output according to the \*(L"depth\*(R" of the structures. .IP "\fB\-oid filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-oid filename" a file containing additional \s-1OBJECT\s0 IDENTIFIERs (OIDs). The format of this file is described in the \s-1NOTES\s0 section below. .IP "\fB\-dump\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dump" dump unknown data in hex format. .IP "\fB\-dlimit num\fR" 4 .IX Item "-dlimit num" like \fB\-dump\fR, but only the first \fBnum\fR bytes are output. .IP "\fB\-strparse offset\fR" 4 .IX Item "-strparse offset" parse the contents octets of the \s-1ASN.1\s0 object starting at \fBoffset\fR. This option can be used multiple times to \*(L"drill down\*(R" into a nested structure. .IP "\fB\-genstr string\fR, \fB\-genconf file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-genstr string, -genconf file" generate encoded data based on \fBstring\fR, \fBfile\fR or both using \&\fIASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3) format. If \fBfile\fR only is present then the string is obtained from the default section using the name \&\fBasn1\fR. The encoded data is passed through the \s-1ASN1\s0 parser and printed out as though it came from a file, the contents can thus be examined and written to a file using the \fBout\fR option. .SS "\s-1OUTPUT\s0" .IX Subsection "OUTPUT" The output will typically contain lines like this: .PP .Vb 1 \& 0:d=0 hl=4 l= 681 cons: SEQUENCE .Ve .PP \&..... .PP .Vb 10 \& 229:d=3 hl=3 l= 141 prim: BIT STRING \& 373:d=2 hl=3 l= 162 cons: cont [ 3 ] \& 376:d=3 hl=3 l= 159 cons: SEQUENCE \& 379:d=4 hl=2 l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE \& 381:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier \& 386:d=5 hl=2 l= 22 prim: OCTET STRING \& 410:d=4 hl=2 l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE \& 412:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier \& 417:d=5 hl=2 l= 105 prim: OCTET STRING \& 524:d=4 hl=2 l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE .Ve .PP \&..... .PP This example is part of a self signed certificate. Each line starts with the offset in decimal. \fBd=XX\fR specifies the current depth. The depth is increased within the scope of any \s-1SET\s0 or \s-1SEQUENCE. \s0\fBhl=XX\fR gives the header length (tag and length octets) of the current type. \fBl=XX\fR gives the length of the contents octets. .PP The \fB\-i\fR option can be used to make the output more readable. .PP Some knowledge of the \s-1ASN.1\s0 structure is needed to interpret the output. .PP In this example the \s-1BIT STRING\s0 at offset 229 is the certificate public key. The contents octets of this will contain the public key information. This can be examined using the option \fB\-strparse 229\fR to yield: .PP .Vb 3 \& 0:d=0 hl=3 l= 137 cons: SEQUENCE \& 3:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :E5D21E1F5C8D208EA7A2166C7FAF9F6BDF2059669C60876DDB70840F1A5AAFA59699FE471F379F1DD6A487E7D5409AB6A88D4A9746E24B91D8CF55DB3521015460C8EDE44EE8A4189F7A7BE77D6CD3A9AF2696F486855CF58BF0EDF2B4068058C7A947F52548DDF7E15E96B385F86422BEA9064A3EE9E1158A56E4A6F47E5897 \& 135:d=1 hl=2 l= 3 prim: INTEGER :010001 .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" If an \s-1OID\s0 is not part of OpenSSL's internal table it will be represented in numerical form (for example 1.2.3.4). The file passed to the \fB\-oid\fR option allows additional OIDs to be included. Each line consists of three columns, the first column is the \s-1OID\s0 in numerical format and should be followed by white space. The second column is the \*(L"short name\*(R" which is a single word followed by white space. The final column is the rest of the line and is the \&\*(L"long name\*(R". \fBasn1parse\fR displays the long name. Example: .PP \&\f(CW\*(C`1.2.3.4 shortName A long name\*(C'\fR .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Parse a file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-in file.pem .Ve .PP Parse a \s-1DER\s0 file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-inform DER \-in file.der .Ve .PP Generate a simple UTF8String: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-genstr \*(AqUTF8:Hello World\*(Aq .Ve .PP Generate and write out a UTF8String, don't print parsed output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-genstr \*(AqUTF8:Hello World\*(Aq \-noout \-out utf8.der .Ve .PP Generate using a config file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl asn1parse \-genconf asn1.cnf \-noout \-out asn1.der .Ve .PP Example config file: .PP .Vb 1 \& asn1=SEQUENCE:seq_sect \& \& [seq_sect] \& \& field1=BOOL:TRUE \& field2=EXP:0, UTF8:some random string .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" There should be options to change the format of output lines. The output of some \&\s-1ASN.1\s0 types is not well handled (if at all). .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3) PK!U"man1/spkac.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "SPKAC 1" .TH SPKAC 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" spkac \- SPKAC printing and generating utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBspkac\fR [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-key keyfile\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-challenge string\fR] [\fB\-pubkey\fR] [\fB\-spkac spkacname\fR] [\fB\-spksect section\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBspkac\fR command processes Netscape signed public key and challenge (\s-1SPKAC\s0) files. It can print out their contents, verify the signature and produce its own SPKACs from a supplied private key. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read from or standard input if this option is not specified. Ignored if the \fB\-key\fR option is used. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-key keyfile" create an \s-1SPKAC\s0 file using the private key in \fBkeyfile\fR. The \&\fB\-in\fR, \fB\-noout\fR, \fB\-spksect\fR and \fB\-verify\fR options are ignored if present. .IP "\fB\-passin password\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin password" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-challenge string\fR" 4 .IX Item "-challenge string" specifies the challenge string if an \s-1SPKAC\s0 is being created. .IP "\fB\-spkac spkacname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-spkac spkacname" allows an alternative name form the variable containing the \&\s-1SPKAC.\s0 The default is \*(L"\s-1SPKAC\*(R".\s0 This option affects both generated and input \s-1SPKAC\s0 files. .IP "\fB\-spksect section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-spksect section" allows an alternative name form the section containing the \&\s-1SPKAC.\s0 The default is the default section. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" don't output the text version of the \s-1SPKAC \s0(not used if an \&\s-1SPKAC\s0 is being created). .IP "\fB\-pubkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubkey" output the public key of an \s-1SPKAC \s0(not used if an \s-1SPKAC\s0 is being created). .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verifies the digital signature on the supplied \s-1SPKAC.\s0 .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBspkac\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Print out the contents of an \s-1SPKAC:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl spkac \-in spkac.cnf .Ve .PP Verify the signature of an \s-1SPKAC:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl spkac \-in spkac.cnf \-noout \-verify .Ve .PP Create an \s-1SPKAC\s0 using the challenge string \*(L"hello\*(R": .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl spkac \-key key.pem \-challenge hello \-out spkac.cnf .Ve .PP Example of an \s-1SPKAC, \s0(long lines split up for clarity): .PP .Vb 5 \& SPKAC=MIG5MGUwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEA1cCoq2Wa3Ixs47uI7F\e \& PVwHVIPDx5yso105Y6zpozam135a8R0CpoRvkkigIyXfcCjiVi5oWk+6FfPaD03u\e \& PFoQIDAQABFgVoZWxsbzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFAANBAFpQtY/FojdwkJh1bEIYuc\e \& 2EeM2KHTWPEepWYeawvHD0gQ3DngSC75YCWnnDdq+NQ3F+X4deMx9AaEglZtULwV\e \& 4= .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" A created \s-1SPKAC\s0 with suitable \s-1DN\s0 components appended can be fed into the \fBca\fR utility. .PP SPKACs are typically generated by Netscape when a form is submitted containing the \fB\s-1KEYGEN\s0\fR tag as part of the certificate enrollment process. .PP The challenge string permits a primitive form of proof of possession of private key. By checking the \s-1SPKAC\s0 signature and a random challenge string some guarantee is given that the user knows the private key corresponding to the public key being certified. This is important in some applications. Without this it is possible for a previous \s-1SPKAC\s0 to be used in a \*(L"replay attack\*(R". .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIca\fR\|(1) PK!~%+$$ man1/dsa.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "DSA 1" .TH DSA 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" dsa \- DSA key processing .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBdsa\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-aes128\fR] [\fB\-aes192\fR] [\fB\-aes256\fR] [\fB\-camellia128\fR] [\fB\-camellia192\fR] [\fB\-camellia256\fR] [\fB\-des\fR] [\fB\-des3\fR] [\fB\-idea\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-modulus\fR] [\fB\-pubin\fR] [\fB\-pubout\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBdsa\fR command processes \s-1DSA\s0 keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. \fBNote\fR This command uses the traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the \fBpkcs8\fR .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option with a private key uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded form of an \s-1ASN.1 SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of the values of version (currently zero), p, q, g, the public and private key components respectively as \s-1ASN.1\s0 INTEGERs. When used with a public key it uses a SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure: it is an error if the key is not \s-1DSA.\s0 .Sp The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. In the case of a private key PKCS#8 format is also accepted. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout arg" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-aes128|\-aes192|\-aes256|\-camellia128|\-camellia192|\-camellia256|\-des|\-des3|\-idea\fR" 4 .IX Item "-aes128|-aes192|-aes256|-camellia128|-camellia192|-camellia256|-des|-des3|-idea" These options encrypt the private key with the specified cipher before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This means that using the \fBdsa\fR utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with \s-1PEM\s0 format output files. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the public, private key components and parameters. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key. .IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4 .IX Item "-modulus" this option prints out the value of the public key component of the key. .IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubin" by default a private key is read from the input file: with this option a public key is read instead. .IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubout" by default a private key is output. With this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdsa\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM\s0 private key format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END DSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The \s-1PEM\s0 public key format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" To remove the pass phrase on a \s-1DSA\s0 private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der .Ve .PP To print out the components of a private key to standard output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-text \-noout .Ve .PP To just output the public part of a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIdsaparam\fR\|(1), \fIgendsa\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIgenrsa\fR\|(1) PK!ކF,,man1/genpkey.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "GENPKEY 1" .TH GENPKEY 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" genpkey \- generate a private key .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgenpkey\fR [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-pass arg\fR] [\fB\-cipher\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fB\-paramfile file\fR] [\fB\-algorithm alg\fR] [\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR] [\fB\-genparam\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBgenpkey\fR command generates a private key. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" the output filename. If this argument is not specified then standard output is used. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM.\s0 .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pass arg" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-cipher\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cipher" This option encrypts the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by \fIEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR is acceptable such as \fBdes3\fR. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgenpkey\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. If used this option should precede all other options. .IP "\fB\-algorithm alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-algorithm alg" public key algorithm to use such as \s-1RSA, DSA\s0 or \s-1DH.\s0 If used this option must precede any \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. The options \fB\-paramfile\fR and \fB\-algorithm\fR are mutually exclusive. .IP "\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pkeyopt opt:value" set the public key algorithm option \fBopt\fR to \fBvalue\fR. The precise set of options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its implementation. See \fB\s-1KEY GENERATION OPTIONS\s0\fR below for more details. .IP "\fB\-genparam\fR" 4 .IX Item "-genparam" generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must precede and \fB\-algorithm\fR, \fB\-paramfile\fR or \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. .IP "\fB\-paramfile filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-paramfile filename" Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters. They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must precede and \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. The options \fB\-paramfile\fR and \fB\-algorithm\fR are mutually exclusive. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and parameters along with the \s-1PEM\s0 or \s-1DER\s0 structure. .SH "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS" .IX Header "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS" The options supported by each algorith and indeed each implementation of an algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed below. .SH "RSA KEY GENERATION OPTIONS" .IX Header "RSA KEY GENERATION OPTIONS" .IP "\fBrsa_keygen_bits:numbits\fR" 4 .IX Item "rsa_keygen_bits:numbits" The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 1024 is used. .IP "\fBrsa_keygen_pubexp:value\fR" 4 .IX Item "rsa_keygen_pubexp:value" The \s-1RSA\s0 public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or hexadecimal value if preceded by \fB0x\fR. Default value is 65537. .SH "DSA PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" .IX Header "DSA PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" .IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_bits:numbits\fR" 4 .IX Item "dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits" The number of bits in the generated parameters. If not specified 1024 is used. .SH "DH PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" .IX Header "DH PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" .IP "\fBdh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits\fR" 4 .IX Item "dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits" The number of bits in the prime parameter \fBp\fR. .IP "\fBdh_paramgen_generator:value\fR" 4 .IX Item "dh_paramgen_generator:value" The value to use for the generator \fBg\fR. .IP "\fBdh_rfc5114:num\fR" 4 .IX Item "dh_rfc5114:num" If this option is set then the appropriate \s-1RFC5114\s0 parameters are used instead of generating new parameters. The value \fBnum\fR can take the values 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to \s-1RFC5114 DH\s0 parameters consisting of 1024 bit group with 160 bit subgroup, 2048 bit group with 224 bit subgroup and 2048 bit group with 256 bit subgroup as mentioned in \s-1RFC5114\s0 sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. .SH "EC PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" .IX Header "EC PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" .IP "\fBec_paramgen_curve:curve\fR" 4 .IX Item "ec_paramgen_curve:curve" the \s-1EC\s0 curve to use. .SH "GOST2001 KEY GENERATION AND PARAMETER OPTIONS" .IX Header "GOST2001 KEY GENERATION AND PARAMETER OPTIONS" Gost 2001 support is not enabled by default. To enable this algorithm, one should load the ccgost engine in the OpenSSL configuration file. See \s-1README\s0.gost file in the engines/ccgost directiry of the source distribution for more details. .PP Use of a parameter file for the \s-1GOST R 34.10\s0 algorithm is optional. Parameters can be specified during key generation directly as well as during generation of parameter file. .IP "\fBparamset:name\fR" 4 .IX Item "paramset:name" Specifies \s-1GOST R 34.10\-2001\s0 parameter set according to \s-1RFC 4357.\s0 Parameter set can be specified using abbreviated name, object short name or numeric \s-1OID.\s0 Following parameter sets are supported: .Sp .Vb 7 \& paramset OID Usage \& A 1.2.643.2.2.35.1 Signature \& B 1.2.643.2.2.35.2 Signature \& C 1.2.643.2.2.35.3 Signature \& XA 1.2.643.2.2.36.0 Key exchange \& XB 1.2.643.2.2.36.1 Key exchange \& test 1.2.643.2.2.35.0 Test purposes .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The use of the genpkey program is encouraged over the algorithm specific utilities because additional algorithm options and \s-1ENGINE\s0 provided algorithms can be used. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Generate an \s-1RSA\s0 private key using default parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem .Ve .PP Encrypt output private key using 128 bit \s-1AES\s0 and the passphrase \*(L"hello\*(R": .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem \-aes\-128\-cbc \-pass pass:hello .Ve .PP Generate a 2048 bit \s-1RSA\s0 key using 3 as the public exponent: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem \-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 \e \& \-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3 .Ve .PP Generate 1024 bit \s-1DSA\s0 parameters: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DSA \-out dsap.pem \e \& \-pkeyopt dsa_paramgen_bits:1024 .Ve .PP Generate \s-1DSA\s0 key from parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl genpkey \-paramfile dsap.pem \-out dsakey.pem .Ve .PP Generate 1024 bit \s-1DH\s0 parameters: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhp.pem \e \& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:1024 .Ve .PP Output \s-1RFC5114 2048\s0 bit \s-1DH\s0 parameters with 224 bit subgroup: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhp.pem \-pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:2 .Ve .PP Generate \s-1DH\s0 key from parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl genpkey \-paramfile dhp.pem \-out dhkey.pem .Ve PK!.0VBw(w(man1/CA.pl.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "CA.PL 1" .TH CA.PL 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" CA.pl \- friendlier interface for OpenSSL certificate programs .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR [\fB\-?\fR] [\fB\-h\fR] [\fB\-help\fR] [\fB\-newcert\fR] [\fB\-newreq\fR] [\fB\-newreq\-nodes\fR] [\fB\-newca\fR] [\fB\-xsign\fR] [\fB\-sign\fR] [\fB\-signreq\fR] [\fB\-signcert\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fBfiles\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR script is a perl script that supplies the relevant command line arguments to the \fBopenssl\fR command for some common certificate operations. It is intended to simplify the process of certificate creation and management by the use of some simple options. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB?\fR, \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-help\fR" 4 .IX Item "?, -h, -help" prints a usage message. .IP "\fB\-newcert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-newcert" creates a new self signed certificate. The private key is written to the file \&\*(L"newkey.pem\*(R" and the request written to the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R". .IP "\fB\-newreq\fR" 4 .IX Item "-newreq" creates a new certificate request. The private key is written to the file \&\*(L"newkey.pem\*(R" and the request written to the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R". .IP "\fB\-newreq\-nodes\fR" 4 .IX Item "-newreq-nodes" is like \fB\-newreq\fR except that the private key will not be encrypted. .IP "\fB\-newca\fR" 4 .IX Item "-newca" creates a new \s-1CA\s0 hierarchy for use with the \fBca\fR program (or the \fB\-signcert\fR and \fB\-xsign\fR options). The user is prompted to enter the filename of the \s-1CA\s0 certificates (which should also contain the private key) or by hitting \s-1ENTER\s0 details of the \s-1CA\s0 will be prompted for. The relevant files and directories are created in a directory called \*(L"demoCA\*(R" in the current directory. .IP "\fB\-pkcs12\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pkcs12" create a PKCS#12 file containing the user certificate, private key and \s-1CA\s0 certificate. It expects the user certificate and private key to be in the file \*(L"newcert.pem\*(R" and the \s-1CA\s0 certificate to be in the file demoCA/cacert.pem, it creates a file \*(L"newcert.p12\*(R". This command can thus be called after the \&\fB\-sign\fR option. The PKCS#12 file can be imported directly into a browser. If there is an additional argument on the command line it will be used as the \&\*(L"friendly name\*(R" for the certificate (which is typically displayed in the browser list box), otherwise the name \*(L"My Certificate\*(R" is used. .IP "\fB\-sign\fR, \fB\-signreq\fR, \fB\-xsign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign, -signreq, -xsign" calls the \fBca\fR program to sign a certificate request. It expects the request to be in the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R". The new certificate is written to the file \&\*(L"newcert.pem\*(R" except in the case of the \fB\-xsign\fR option when it is written to standard output. .IP "\fB\-signCA\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signCA" this option is the same as the \fB\-signreq\fR option except it uses the configuration file section \fBv3_ca\fR and so makes the signed request a valid \s-1CA\s0 certificate. This is useful when creating intermediate \s-1CA\s0 from a root \s-1CA.\s0 .IP "\fB\-signcert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signcert" this option is the same as \fB\-sign\fR except it expects a self signed certificate to be present in the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R". .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verifies certificates against the \s-1CA\s0 certificate for \*(L"demoCA\*(R". If no certificates are specified on the command line it tries to verify the file \*(L"newcert.pem\*(R". .IP "\fBfiles\fR" 4 .IX Item "files" one or more optional certificate file names for use with the \fB\-verify\fR command. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Create a \s-1CA\s0 hierarchy: .PP .Vb 1 \& CA.pl \-newca .Ve .PP Complete certificate creation example: create a \s-1CA,\s0 create a request, sign the request and finally create a PKCS#12 file containing it. .PP .Vb 4 \& CA.pl \-newca \& CA.pl \-newreq \& CA.pl \-signreq \& CA.pl \-pkcs12 "My Test Certificate" .Ve .SH "DSA CERTIFICATES" .IX Header "DSA CERTIFICATES" Although the \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR creates \s-1RSA\s0 CAs and requests it is still possible to use it with \s-1DSA\s0 certificates and requests using the \fIreq\fR\|(1) command directly. The following example shows the steps that would typically be taken. .PP Create some \s-1DSA\s0 parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl dsaparam \-out dsap.pem 1024 .Ve .PP Create a \s-1DSA CA\s0 certificate and private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl req \-x509 \-newkey dsa:dsap.pem \-keyout cacert.pem \-out cacert.pem .Ve .PP Create the \s-1CA\s0 directories and files: .PP .Vb 1 \& CA.pl \-newca .Ve .PP enter cacert.pem when prompted for the \s-1CA\s0 file name. .PP Create a \s-1DSA\s0 certificate request and private key (a different set of parameters can optionally be created first): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl req \-out newreq.pem \-newkey dsa:dsap.pem .Ve .PP Sign the request: .PP .Vb 1 \& CA.pl \-signreq .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" Most of the filenames mentioned can be modified by editing the \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR script. .PP If the demoCA directory already exists then the \fB\-newca\fR command will not overwrite it and will do nothing. This can happen if a previous call using the \fB\-newca\fR option terminated abnormally. To get the correct behaviour delete the demoCA directory if it already exists. .PP Under some environments it may not be possible to run the \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR script directly (for example Win32) and the default configuration file location may be wrong. In this case the command: .PP .Vb 1 \& perl \-S CA.pl .Ve .PP can be used and the \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR environment variable changed to point to the correct path of the configuration file \*(L"openssl.cnf\*(R". .PP The script is intended as a simple front end for the \fBopenssl\fR program for use by a beginner. Its behaviour isn't always what is wanted. For more control over the behaviour of the certificate commands call the \fBopenssl\fR command directly. .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" The variable \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR if defined allows an alternative configuration file location to be specified, it should contain the full path to the configuration file, not just its directory. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIx509\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs12\fR\|(1), \&\fIconfig\fR\|(5) PK!}ں-- man1/crl.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "CRL 1" .TH CRL 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" crl \- CRL utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBcrl\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-nameopt option\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-hash\fR] [\fB\-issuer\fR] [\fB\-lastupdate\fR] [\fB\-nextupdate\fR] [\fB\-CAfile file\fR] [\fB\-CApath dir\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBcrl\fR command processes \s-1CRL\s0 files in \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0 format. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded \s-1CRL\s0 structure. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" print out the \s-1CRL\s0 in text form. .IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nameopt option" option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. See the description of \fB\-nameopt\fR in \fIx509\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" don't output the encoded version of the \s-1CRL.\s0 .IP "\fB\-hash\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hash" output a hash of the issuer name. This can be use to lookup CRLs in a directory by issuer name. .IP "\fB\-hash_old\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hash_old" outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the \s-1CRL\s0 issuer name using the older algorithm as used by OpenSSL versions before 1.0.0. .IP "\fB\-issuer\fR" 4 .IX Item "-issuer" output the issuer name. .IP "\fB\-lastupdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "-lastupdate" output the lastUpdate field. .IP "\fB\-nextupdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nextupdate" output the nextUpdate field. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" verify the signature on a \s-1CRL\s0 by looking up the issuing certificate in \&\fBfile\fR .IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath dir" verify the signature on a \s-1CRL\s0 by looking up the issuing certificate in \&\fBdir\fR. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked to each certificate. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM CRL\s0 format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN X509 CRL\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END X509 CRL\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Convert a \s-1CRL\s0 file from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl crl \-in crl.pem \-outform DER \-out crl.der .Ve .PP Output the text form of a \s-1DER\s0 encoded certificate: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl crl \-in crl.der \-text \-noout .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Ideally it should be possible to create a \s-1CRL\s0 using appropriate options and files too. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIx509\fR\|(1) PK!?Gman1/pkcs7.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PKCS7 1" .TH PKCS7 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" pkcs7 \- PKCS#7 utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs7\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-print_certs\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpkcs7\fR command processes PKCS#7 files in \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0 format. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded PKCS#7 v1.5 structure.\fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-print_certs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-print_certs" prints out any certificates or CRLs contained in the file. They are preceded by their subject and issuer names in one line format. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out certificates details in full rather than just subject and issuer names. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" don't output the encoded version of the PKCS#7 structure (or certificates is \fB\-print_certs\fR is set). .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkcs7\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Convert a PKCS#7 file from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs7 \-in file.pem \-outform DER \-out file.der .Ve .PP Output all certificates in a file: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs7 \-in file.pem \-print_certs \-out certs.pem .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM\s0 PKCS#7 format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PKCS7\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PKCS7\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP For compatibility with some CAs it will also accept: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .SH "RESTRICTIONS" .IX Header "RESTRICTIONS" There is no option to print out all the fields of a PKCS#7 file. .PP This PKCS#7 routines only understand PKCS#7 v 1.5 as specified in \s-1RFC2315\s0 they cannot currently parse, for example, the new \s-1CMS\s0 as described in \s-1RFC2630.\s0 .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1) PK!z&iSSman1/smime.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "SMIME 1" .TH SMIME 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" smime \- S/MIME utility .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBsmime\fR [\fB\-encrypt\fR] [\fB\-decrypt\fR] [\fB\-sign\fR] [\fB\-resign\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fB\-pk7out\fR] [\fB\-[cipher]\fR] [\fB\-in file\fR] [\fB\-CAfile file\fR] [\fB\-CApath dir\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR] [\fB\-certfile file\fR] [\fB\-signer file\fR] [\fB\-recip file\fR] [\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-inkey file\fR] [\fB\-out file\fR] [\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-content file\fR] [\fB\-to addr\fR] [\fB\-from ad\fR] [\fB\-subject s\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-indef\fR] [\fB\-noindef\fR] [\fB\-stream\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-md digest\fR] [cert.pem]... .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBsmime\fR command handles S/MIME mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify S/MIME messages. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" There are six operation options that set the type of operation to be performed. The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation type. .IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-encrypt" encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in \s-1MIME\s0 format. .Sp Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text. .IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-decrypt" decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an encrypted mail message in \s-1MIME\s0 format for the input file. The decrypted mail is written to the output file. .IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sign" sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is the message to be signed. The signed message in \s-1MIME\s0 format is written to the output file. .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported. .IP "\fB\-pk7out\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pk7out" takes an input message and writes out a \s-1PEM\s0 encoded PKCS#7 structure. .IP "\fB\-resign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-resign" resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" the input message to be encrypted or signed or the \s-1MIME\s0 message to be decrypted or verified. .IP "\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform SMIME|PEM|DER" this specifies the input format for the PKCS#7 structure. The default is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which reads an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format change this to expect \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format PKCS#7 structures instead. This currently only affects the input format of the PKCS#7 structure, if no PKCS#7 structure is being input (for example with \&\fB\-encrypt\fR or \fB\-sign\fR) this option has no effect. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" the message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output \s-1MIME\s0 format message that has been signed or verified. .IP "\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform SMIME|PEM|DER" this specifies the output format for the PKCS#7 structure. The default is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which write an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format change this to write \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format PKCS#7 structures instead. This currently only affects the output format of the PKCS#7 structure, if no PKCS#7 structure is being output (for example with \&\fB\-verify\fR or \fB\-decrypt\fR) this option has no effect. .IP "\fB\-stream \-indef \-noindef\fR" 4 .IX Item "-stream -indef -noindef" the \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached data if the output format is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR it is currently off by default for all other operations. .IP "\fB\-noindef\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noindef" disable streaming I/O where it would produce and indefinite length constructed encoding. This option currently has no effect. In future streaming will be enabled by default on all relevant operations and this option will disable it. .IP "\fB\-content filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-content filename" This specifies a file containing the detached content, this is only useful with the \fB\-verify\fR command. This is only usable if the PKCS#7 structure is using the detached signature form where the content is not included. This option will override any content if the input format is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed \s-1MIME\s0 content type. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" this option adds plain text (text/plain) \s-1MIME\s0 headers to the supplied message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying it strips off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of \s-1MIME \s0 type text/plain then an error occurs. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" a file containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with \fB\-verify\fR. .IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath dir" a directory containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with \&\fB\-verify\fR. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked to each certificate. .IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4 .IX Item "-trusted_first" Use certificates in \s-1CA\s0 file or \s-1CA\s0 directory over certificates provided in the message when building the trust chain to verify a certificate. This is mainly useful in environments with Bridge \s-1CA\s0 or Cross-Certified CAs. .IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4 .IX Item "-md digest" digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the default digest algorithm for the signing key will be used (usually \s-1SHA1\s0). .IP "\fB\-[cipher]\fR" 4 .IX Item "-[cipher]" the encryption algorithm to use. For example \s-1DES \s0(56 bits) \- \fB\-des\fR, triple \s-1DES \s0(168 bits) \- \fB\-des3\fR, \&\fIEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR function) can also be used preceded by a dash, for example \fB\-aes_128_cbc\fR. See \fBenc\fR for list of ciphers supported by your version of OpenSSL. .Sp If not specified triple \s-1DES\s0 is used. Only used with \fB\-encrypt\fR. .IP "\fB\-nointern\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nointern" when verifying a message normally certificates (if any) included in the message are searched for the signing certificate. With this option only the certificates specified in the \fB\-certfile\fR option are used. The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however. .IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noverify" do not verify the signers certificate of a signed message. .IP "\fB\-nochain\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nochain" do not do chain verification of signers certificates: that is don't use the certificates in the signed message as untrusted CAs. .IP "\fB\-nosigs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nosigs" don't try to verify the signatures on the message. .IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nocerts" when signing a message the signer's certificate is normally included with this option it is excluded. This will reduce the size of the signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signers certificate available locally (passed using the \fB\-certfile\fR option for example). .IP "\fB\-noattr\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noattr" normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this option they are not included. .IP "\fB\-binary\fR" 4 .IX Item "-binary" normally the input message is converted to \*(L"canonical\*(R" format which is effectively using \s-1CR\s0 and \s-1LF\s0 as end of line: as required by the S/MIME specification. When this option is present no translation occurs. This is useful when handling binary data which may not be in \s-1MIME\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-nodetach\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nodetach" when signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with the \s-1MIME\s0 type multipart/signed is used. .IP "\fB\-certfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certfile file" allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing these will be included with the message. When verifying these will be searched for the signers certificates. The certificates should be in \s-1PEM\s0 format. .IP "\fB\-signer file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-signer file" a signing certificate when signing or resigning a message, this option can be used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being verified then the signers certificates will be written to this file if the verification was successful. .IP "\fB\-recip file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-recip file" the recipients certificate when decrypting a message. This certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs. .IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inkey file" the private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified then the private key must be included in the certificate file specified with the \fB\-recip\fR or \fB\-signer\fR file. When signing this option can be used multiple times to specify successive keys. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fBcert.pem...\fR" 4 .IX Item "cert.pem..." one or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting a message. .IP "\fB\-to, \-from, \-subject\fR" 4 .IX Item "-to, -from, -subject" the relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed portion of a message so they may be included manually. If signing then many S/MIME mail clients check the signers certificate's email address matches that specified in the From: address. .IP "\fB\-purpose, \-ignore_critical, \-issuer_checks, \-crl_check, \-crl_check_all, \-policy_check, \-extended_crl, \-x509_strict, \-policy \-check_ss_sig \-no_alt_chains\fR" 4 .IX Item "-purpose, -ignore_critical, -issuer_checks, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -policy_check, -extended_crl, -x509_strict, -policy -check_ss_sig -no_alt_chains" Set various options of certificate chain verification. See \&\fBverify\fR manual page for details. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1MIME\s0 message must be sent without any blank lines between the headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to achieve the correct format. .PP The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the necessary \s-1MIME\s0 headers or many S/MIME clients wont display it properly (if at all). You can use the \fB\-text\fR option to automatically add plain text headers. .PP A \*(L"signed and encrypted\*(R" message is one where a signed message is then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed message: see the examples section. .PP This version of the program only allows one signer per message but it will verify multiple signers on received messages. Some S/MIME clients choke if a message contains multiple signers. It is possible to sign messages \*(L"in parallel\*(R" by signing an already signed message. .PP The options \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR reflect common usage in S/MIME clients. Strictly speaking these process PKCS#7 enveloped data: PKCS#7 encrypted data is used for other purposes. .PP The \fB\-resign\fR option uses an existing message digest when adding a new signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail. .PP The \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options enable experimental streaming I/O support. As a result the encoding is \s-1BER\s0 using indefinite length constructed encoding and no longer \s-1DER.\s0 Streaming is supported for the \fB\-encrypt\fR operation and the \&\fB\-sign\fR operation if the content is not detached. .PP Streaming is always used for the \fB\-sign\fR operation with detached data but since the content is no longer part of the PKCS#7 structure the encoding remains \s-1DER.\s0 .SH "EXIT CODES" .IX Header "EXIT CODES" .IP "0" 4 the operation was completely successfully. .IP "1" 4 .IX Item "1" an error occurred parsing the command options. .IP "2" 4 .IX Item "2" one of the input files could not be read. .IP "3" 4 .IX Item "3" an error occurred creating the PKCS#7 file or when reading the \s-1MIME\s0 message. .IP "4" 4 .IX Item "4" an error occurred decrypting or verifying the message. .IP "5" 4 .IX Item "5" the message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out the signers certificates. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Create a cleartext signed message: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl smime \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem .Ve .PP Create an opaque signed message: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl smime \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \-nodetach \e \& \-signer mycert.pem .Ve .PP Create a signed message, include some additional certificates and read the private key from another file: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl smime \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem \-inkey mykey.pem \-certfile mycerts.pem .Ve .PP Create a signed message with two signers: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl smime \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e \& \-signer mycert.pem \-signer othercert.pem .Ve .PP Send a signed message under Unix directly to sendmail, including headers: .PP .Vb 3 \& openssl smime \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-signer mycert.pem \e \& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e \& \-subject "Signed message" | sendmail someone@somewhere .Ve .PP Verify a message and extract the signer's certificate if successful: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl smime \-verify \-in mail.msg \-signer user.pem \-out signedtext.txt .Ve .PP Send encrypted mail using triple \s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 3 \& openssl smime \-encrypt \-in in.txt \-from steve@openssl.org \e \& \-to someone@somewhere \-subject "Encrypted message" \e \& \-des3 user.pem \-out mail.msg .Ve .PP Sign and encrypt mail: .PP .Vb 4 \& openssl smime \-sign \-in ml.txt \-signer my.pem \-text \e \& | openssl smime \-encrypt \-out mail.msg \e \& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e \& \-subject "Signed and Encrypted message" \-des3 user.pem .Ve .PP Note: the encryption command does not include the \fB\-text\fR option because the message being encrypted already has \s-1MIME\s0 headers. .PP Decrypt mail: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl smime \-decrypt \-in mail.msg \-recip mycert.pem \-inkey key.pem .Ve .PP The output from Netscape form signing is a PKCS#7 structure with the detached signature format. You can use this program to verify the signature by line wrapping the base64 encoded structure and surrounding it with: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PKCS7\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PKCS7\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP and using the command: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl smime \-verify \-inform PEM \-in signature.pem \-content content.txt .Ve .PP Alternatively you can base64 decode the signature and use: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl smime \-verify \-inform DER \-in signature.der \-content content.txt .Ve .PP Create an encrypted message using 128 bit Camellia: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl smime \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-camellia128 \-out mail.msg cert.pem .Ve .PP Add a signer to an existing message: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl smime \-resign \-in mail.msg \-signer newsign.pem \-out mail2.msg .Ve .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" The \s-1MIME\s0 parser isn't very clever: it seems to handle most messages that I've thrown at it but it may choke on others. .PP The code currently will only write out the signer's certificate to a file: if the signer has a separate encryption certificate this must be manually extracted. There should be some heuristic that determines the correct encryption certificate. .PP Ideally a database should be maintained of a certificates for each email address. .PP The code doesn't currently take note of the permitted symmetric encryption algorithms as supplied in the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute. This means the user has to manually include the correct encryption algorithm. It should store the list of permitted ciphers in a database and only use those. .PP No revocation checking is done on the signer's certificate. .PP The current code can only handle S/MIME v2 messages, the more complex S/MIME v3 structures may cause parsing errors. .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The use of multiple \fB\-signer\fR options and the \fB\-resign\fR command were first added in OpenSSL 1.0.0 .PP The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b. PK!o߬man1/errstr.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "ERRSTR 1" .TH ERRSTR 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" errstr \- lookup error codes .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl errstr error_code\fR .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" Sometimes an application will not load error message and only numerical forms will be available. The \fBerrstr\fR utility can be used to display the meaning of the hex code. The hex code is the hex digits after the second colon. .SH "EXAMPLE" .IX Header "EXAMPLE" The error code: .PP .Vb 1 \& 27594:error:2006D080:lib(32):func(109):reason(128):bss_file.c:107: .Ve .PP can be displayed with: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl errstr 2006D080 .Ve .PP to produce the error message: .PP .Vb 1 \& error:2006D080:BIO routines:BIO_new_file:no such file .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIerr\fR\|(3), \&\fIERR_load_crypto_strings\fR\|(3), \&\fISSL_load_error_strings\fR\|(3) PK!/Q(( man1/ec.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "EC 1" .TH EC 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" ec \- EC key processing .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBec\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-des\fR] [\fB\-des3\fR] [\fB\-idea\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-param_out\fR] [\fB\-pubin\fR] [\fB\-pubout\fR] [\fB\-conv_form arg\fR] [\fB\-param_enc arg\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBec\fR command processes \s-1EC\s0 keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. \fBNote\fR OpenSSL uses the private key format specified in '\s-1SEC 1:\s0 Elliptic Curve Cryptography' (http://www.secg.org/). To convert a OpenSSL \s-1EC\s0 private key into the PKCS#8 private key format use the \fBpkcs8\fR command. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option with a private key uses an \s-1ASN.1 DER\s0 encoded \s-1SEC1\s0 private key. When used with a public key it uses the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure as specified in \s-1RFC 3280.\s0 The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. In the case of a private key PKCS#8 format is also accepted. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout arg" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-des|\-des3|\-idea\fR" 4 .IX Item "-des|-des3|-idea" These options encrypt the private key with the \s-1DES,\s0 triple \s-1DES, IDEA\s0 or any other cipher supported by OpenSSL before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for. If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This means that using the \fBec\fR utility to read in an encrypted key with no encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase. These options can only be used with \s-1PEM\s0 format output files. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the public, private key components and parameters. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option prevents output of the encoded version of the key. .IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubin" by default a private key is read from the input file: with this option a public key is read instead. .IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubout" by default a private key is output. With this option a public key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is a public key. .IP "\fB\-conv_form\fR" 4 .IX Item "-conv_form" This specifies how the points on the elliptic curve are converted into octet strings. Possible values are: \fBcompressed\fR (the default value), \fBuncompressed\fR and \fBhybrid\fR. For more information regarding the point conversion forms please read the X9.62 standard. \&\fBNote\fR Due to patent issues the \fBcompressed\fR option is disabled by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining the preprocessor macro \fB\s-1OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP\s0\fR at compile time. .IP "\fB\-param_enc arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-param_enc arg" This specifies how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded. Possible value are: \fBnamed_curve\fR, i.e. the ec parameters are specified by a \s-1OID,\s0 or \fBexplicit\fR where the ec parameters are explicitly given (see \s-1RFC 3279\s0 for the definition of the \&\s-1EC\s0 parameters structures). The default value is \fBnamed_curve\fR. \&\fBNote\fR the \fBimplicitlyCA\fR alternative ,as specified in \s-1RFC 3279,\s0 is currently not implemented in OpenSSL. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBec\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The \s-1PEM\s0 private key format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END EC PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The \s-1PEM\s0 public key format uses the header and footer lines: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der .Ve .PP To print out the components of a private key to standard output: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-text \-noout .Ve .PP To just output the public part of a private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem .Ve .PP To change the parameters encoding to \fBexplicit\fR: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-param_enc explicit \-out keyout.pem .Ve .PP To change the point conversion form to \fBcompressed\fR: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-conv_form compressed \-out keyout.pem .Ve .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIecparam\fR\|(1), \fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The ec command was first introduced in OpenSSL 0.9.8. .SH "AUTHOR" .IX Header "AUTHOR" Nils Larsch for the OpenSSL project (http://www.openssl.org). PK!,*man1/sslrand.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "RAND 1" .TH RAND 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" rand \- generate pseudo\-random bytes .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl rand\fR [\fB\-out\fR \fIfile\fR] [\fB\-rand\fR \fIfile(s)\fR] [\fB\-base64\fR] [\fB\-hex\fR] \&\fInum\fR .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBrand\fR command outputs \fInum\fR pseudo-random bytes after seeding the random number generator once. As in other \fBopenssl\fR command line tools, \s-1PRNG\s0 seeding uses the file \fI\f(CI$HOME\fI/\fR\fB.rnd\fR or \fB.rnd\fR in addition to the files given in the \fB\-rand\fR option. A new \&\fI\f(CI$HOME\fI\fR/\fB.rnd\fR or \fB.rnd\fR file will be written back if enough seeding was obtained from these sources. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-out\fR \fIfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out file" Write to \fIfile\fR instead of standard output. .IP "\fB\-rand\fR \fIfile(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" Use specified file or files or \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)) for seeding the random number generator. Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4 .IX Item "-base64" Perform base64 encoding on the output. .IP "\fB\-hex\fR" 4 .IX Item "-hex" Show the output as a hex string. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIRAND_bytes\fR\|(3) PK!zSman1/pkeyparam.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PKEYPARAM 1" .TH PKEYPARAM 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" pkeyparam \- public key algorithm parameter processing tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkeyparam\fR [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpkey\fR command processes public or private keys. They can be converted between various forms and their components printed out. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write parameters to or standard output if this option is not specified. .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the parameters in plain text in addition to the encoded version. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" do not output the encoded version of the parameters. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkeyparam\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "EXAMPLE" .IX Header "EXAMPLE" Print out text version of parameters: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkeyparam \-in param.pem \-text .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" There are no \fB\-inform\fR or \fB\-outform\fR options for this command because only \&\s-1PEM\s0 format is supported because the key type is determined by the \s-1PEM\s0 headers. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIgenpkey\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \fIpkcs8\fR\|(1), \&\fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fIgendsa\fR\|(1) PK!{ww man1/ca.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "CA 1" .TH CA 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" ca \- sample minimal CA application .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBca\fR [\fB\-verbose\fR] [\fB\-config filename\fR] [\fB\-name section\fR] [\fB\-gencrl\fR] [\fB\-revoke file\fR] [\fB\-status serial\fR] [\fB\-updatedb\fR] [\fB\-crl_reason reason\fR] [\fB\-crl_hold instruction\fR] [\fB\-crl_compromise time\fR] [\fB\-crl_CA_compromise time\fR] [\fB\-crldays days\fR] [\fB\-crlhours hours\fR] [\fB\-crlexts section\fR] [\fB\-startdate date\fR] [\fB\-enddate date\fR] [\fB\-days arg\fR] [\fB\-md arg\fR] [\fB\-policy arg\fR] [\fB\-keyfile arg\fR] [\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-key arg\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-cert file\fR] [\fB\-selfsign\fR] [\fB\-in file\fR] [\fB\-out file\fR] [\fB\-notext\fR] [\fB\-outdir dir\fR] [\fB\-infiles\fR] [\fB\-spkac file\fR] [\fB\-ss_cert file\fR] [\fB\-preserveDN\fR] [\fB\-noemailDN\fR] [\fB\-batch\fR] [\fB\-msie_hack\fR] [\fB\-extensions section\fR] [\fB\-extfile section\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fB\-subj arg\fR] [\fB\-utf8\fR] [\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBca\fR command is a minimal \s-1CA\s0 application. It can be used to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate CRLs it also maintains a text database of issued certificates and their status. .PP The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose. .SH "CA OPTIONS" .IX Header "CA OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-config filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-config filename" specifies the configuration file to use. .IP "\fB\-name section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-name section" specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides \&\fBdefault_ca\fR in the \fBca\fR section). .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" an input filename containing a single certificate request to be signed by the \s-1CA.\s0 .IP "\fB\-ss_cert filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ss_cert filename" a single self signed certificate to be signed by the \s-1CA.\s0 .IP "\fB\-spkac filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-spkac filename" a file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge and additional field values to be signed by the \s-1CA.\s0 See the \fB\s-1SPKAC FORMAT\s0\fR section for information on the required input and output format. .IP "\fB\-infiles\fR" 4 .IX Item "-infiles" if present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments are assumed to the the names of files containing certificate requests. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" the output file to output certificates to. The default is standard output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this file in \s-1PEM\s0 format (except that \fB\-spkac\fR outputs \s-1DER\s0 format). .IP "\fB\-outdir directory\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outdir directory" the directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with \&\*(L".pem\*(R" appended. .IP "\fB\-cert\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert" the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file. .IP "\fB\-keyfile filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyfile filename" the private key to sign requests with. .IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER" the format of the data in the private key file. The default is \s-1PEM.\s0 .IP "\fB\-key password\fR" 4 .IX Item "-key password" the password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. Unix with the 'ps' utility) this option should be used with caution. .IP "\fB\-selfsign\fR" 4 .IX Item "-selfsign" indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key the certificate requests were signed with (given with \fB\-keyfile\fR). Cerificate requests signed with a different key are ignored. If \&\fB\-spkac\fR, \fB\-ss_cert\fR or \fB\-gencrl\fR are given, \fB\-selfsign\fR is ignored. .Sp A consequence of using \fB\-selfsign\fR is that the self-signed certificate appears among the entries in the certificate database (see the configuration option \fBdatabase\fR), and uses the same serial number counter as all other certificates sign with the self-signed certificate. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verbose" this prints extra details about the operations being performed. .IP "\fB\-notext\fR" 4 .IX Item "-notext" don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file. .IP "\fB\-startdate date\fR" 4 .IX Item "-startdate date" this allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is \s-1YYMMDDHHMMSSZ \s0(the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 UTCTime structure). .IP "\fB\-enddate date\fR" 4 .IX Item "-enddate date" this allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is \s-1YYMMDDHHMMSSZ \s0(the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 UTCTime structure). .IP "\fB\-days arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-days arg" the number of days to certify the certificate for. .IP "\fB\-md alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-md alg" the message digest to use. Possible values include md5, sha1 and mdc2. For full list of digests see openssl dgst \-h output. This option also applies to CRLs. .IP "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-policy arg" this option defines the \s-1CA \s0\*(L"policy\*(R" to use. This is a section in the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory or match the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. Check out the \fB\s-1POLICY FORMAT\s0\fR section for more information. .IP "\fB\-msie_hack\fR" 4 .IX Item "-msie_hack" this is a legacy option to make \fBca\fR work with very old versions of the \s-1IE\s0 certificate enrollment control \*(L"certenr3\*(R". It used UniversalStrings for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control \*(L"Xenroll\*(R" does not need this option. .IP "\fB\-preserveDN\fR" 4 .IX Item "-preserveDN" Normally the \s-1DN\s0 order of a certificate is the same as the order of the fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set the order is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the older \s-1IE\s0 enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their DNs match the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll. .IP "\fB\-noemailDN\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noemailDN" The \s-1DN\s0 of a certificate can contain the \s-1EMAIL\s0 field if present in the request \s-1DN,\s0 however it is good policy just having the e\-mail set into the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set the \&\s-1EMAIL\s0 field is removed from the certificate' subject and set only in the, eventually present, extensions. The \fBemail_in_dn\fR keyword can be used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour. .IP "\fB\-batch\fR" 4 .IX Item "-batch" this sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked and all certificates will be certified automatically. .IP "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-extensions section" the section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to \fBx509_extensions\fR unless the \fB\-extfile\fR option is used). If no extension section is present then, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section is present (even if it is empty), then a V3 certificate is created. See the:w \&\fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the extension section format. .IP "\fB\-extfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-extfile file" an additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from (using the default section unless the \fB\-extensions\fR option is also used). .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBca\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fB\-subj arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subj arg" supersedes subject name given in the request. The arg must be formatted as \fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR, characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), no spaces are skipped. .IP "\fB\-utf8\fR" 4 .IX Item "-utf8" this option causes field values to be interpreted as \s-1UTF8\s0 strings, by default they are interpreted as \s-1ASCII.\s0 This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid \s-1UTF8\s0 strings. .IP "\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR" 4 .IX Item "-multivalue-rdn" this option causes the \-subj argument to be interpretedt with full support for multivalued RDNs. Example: .Sp \&\fI/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe\fR .Sp If \-multi\-rdn is not used then the \s-1UID\s0 value is \fI123456+CN=John Doe\fR. .SH "CRL OPTIONS" .IX Header "CRL OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-gencrl\fR" 4 .IX Item "-gencrl" this option generates a \s-1CRL\s0 based on information in the index file. .IP "\fB\-crldays num\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crldays num" the number of days before the next \s-1CRL\s0 is due. That is the days from now to place in the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field. .IP "\fB\-crlhours num\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crlhours num" the number of hours before the next \s-1CRL\s0 is due. .IP "\fB\-revoke filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-revoke filename" a filename containing a certificate to revoke. .IP "\fB\-status serial\fR" 4 .IX Item "-status serial" displays the revocation status of the certificate with the specified serial number and exits. .IP "\fB\-updatedb\fR" 4 .IX Item "-updatedb" Updates the database index to purge expired certificates. .IP "\fB\-crl_reason reason\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_reason reason" revocation reason, where \fBreason\fR is one of: \fBunspecified\fR, \fBkeyCompromise\fR, \&\fBCACompromise\fR, \fBaffiliationChanged\fR, \fBsuperseded\fR, \fBcessationOfOperation\fR, \&\fBcertificateHold\fR or \fBremoveFromCRL\fR. The matching of \fBreason\fR is case insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the \s-1CRL\s0 v2. .Sp In practive \fBremoveFromCRL\fR is not particularly useful because it is only used in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented. .IP "\fB\-crl_hold instruction\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_hold instruction" This sets the \s-1CRL\s0 revocation reason code to \fBcertificateHold\fR and the hold instruction to \fBinstruction\fR which must be an \s-1OID.\s0 Although any \s-1OID\s0 can be used only \fBholdInstructionNone\fR (the use of which is discouraged by \s-1RFC2459\s0) \&\fBholdInstructionCallIssuer\fR or \fBholdInstructionReject\fR will normally be used. .IP "\fB\-crl_compromise time\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_compromise time" This sets the revocation reason to \fBkeyCompromise\fR and the compromise time to \&\fBtime\fR. \fBtime\fR should be in GeneralizedTime format that is \fB\s-1YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0\fR. .IP "\fB\-crl_CA_compromise time\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crl_CA_compromise time" This is the same as \fBcrl_compromise\fR except the revocation reason is set to \&\fBCACompromise\fR. .IP "\fB\-crlexts section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crlexts section" the section of the configuration file containing \s-1CRL\s0 extensions to include. If no \s-1CRL\s0 extension section is present then a V1 \s-1CRL\s0 is created, if the \s-1CRL\s0 extension section is present (even if it is empty) then a V2 \s-1CRL\s0 is created. The \s-1CRL\s0 extensions specified are \&\s-1CRL\s0 extensions and \fBnot\fR \s-1CRL\s0 entry extensions. It should be noted that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs. See \&\fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the extension section format. .SH "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS" .IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS" The section of the configuration file containing options for \fBca\fR is found as follows: If the \fB\-name\fR command line option is used, then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to be used must be named in the \fBdefault_ca\fR option of the \fBca\fR section of the configuration file (or in the default section of the configuration file). Besides \fBdefault_ca\fR, the following options are read directly from the \fBca\fR section: \s-1RANDFILE \&\s0 preserve msie_hack With the exception of \fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR, this is probably a bug and may change in future releases. .PP Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line options. Where the option is present in the configuration file and the command line the command line value is used. Where an option is described as mandatory then it must be present in the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if any) used. .IP "\fBoid_file\fR" 4 .IX Item "oid_file" This specifies a file containing additional \fB\s-1OBJECT IDENTIFIERS\s0\fR. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed by white space and finally the long name. .IP "\fBoid_section\fR" 4 .IX Item "oid_section" This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by \fB=\fR and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used. .IP "\fBnew_certs_dir\fR" 4 .IX Item "new_certs_dir" the same as the \fB\-outdir\fR command line option. It specifies the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory. .IP "\fBcertificate\fR" 4 .IX Item "certificate" the same as \fB\-cert\fR. It gives the file containing the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. Mandatory. .IP "\fBprivate_key\fR" 4 .IX Item "private_key" same as the \fB\-keyfile\fR option. The file containing the \&\s-1CA\s0 private key. Mandatory. .IP "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "RANDFILE" a file used to read and write random number seed information, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). .IP "\fBdefault_days\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_days" the same as the \fB\-days\fR option. The number of days to certify a certificate for. .IP "\fBdefault_startdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_startdate" the same as the \fB\-startdate\fR option. The start date to certify a certificate for. If not set the current time is used. .IP "\fBdefault_enddate\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_enddate" the same as the \fB\-enddate\fR option. Either this option or \&\fBdefault_days\fR (or the command line equivalents) must be present. .IP "\fBdefault_crl_hours default_crl_days\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_crl_hours default_crl_days" the same as the \fB\-crlhours\fR and the \fB\-crldays\fR options. These will only be used if neither command line option is present. At least one of these must be present to generate a \s-1CRL.\s0 .IP "\fBdefault_md\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_md" the same as the \fB\-md\fR option. The message digest to use. Mandatory. .IP "\fBdatabase\fR" 4 .IX Item "database" the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present though initially it will be empty. .IP "\fBunique_subject\fR" 4 .IX Item "unique_subject" if the value \fByes\fR is given, the valid certificate entries in the database must have unique subjects. if the value \fBno\fR is given, several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject. The default value is \fByes\fR, to be compatible with older (pre 0.9.8) versions of OpenSSL. However, to make \s-1CA\s0 certificate roll-over easier, it's recommended to use the value \fBno\fR, especially if combined with the \fB\-selfsign\fR command line option. .IP "\fBserial\fR" 4 .IX Item "serial" a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory. This file must be present and contain a valid serial number. .IP "\fBcrlnumber\fR" 4 .IX Item "crlnumber" a text file containing the next \s-1CRL\s0 number to use in hex. The crl number will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is present, it must contain a valid \s-1CRL\s0 number. .IP "\fBx509_extensions\fR" 4 .IX Item "x509_extensions" the same as \fB\-extensions\fR. .IP "\fBcrl_extensions\fR" 4 .IX Item "crl_extensions" the same as \fB\-crlexts\fR. .IP "\fBpreserve\fR" 4 .IX Item "preserve" the same as \fB\-preserveDN\fR .IP "\fBemail_in_dn\fR" 4 .IX Item "email_in_dn" the same as \fB\-noemailDN\fR. If you want the \s-1EMAIL\s0 field to be removed from the \s-1DN\s0 of the certificate simply set this to 'no'. If not present the default is to allow for the \s-1EMAIL\s0 filed in the certificate's \s-1DN.\s0 .IP "\fBmsie_hack\fR" 4 .IX Item "msie_hack" the same as \fB\-msie_hack\fR .IP "\fBpolicy\fR" 4 .IX Item "policy" the same as \fB\-policy\fR. Mandatory. See the \fB\s-1POLICY FORMAT\s0\fR section for more information. .IP "\fBname_opt\fR, \fBcert_opt\fR" 4 .IX Item "name_opt, cert_opt" these options allow the format used to display the certificate details when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by the \fBx509\fR utilities \fB\-nameopt\fR and \fB\-certopt\fR switches can be used here, except the \fBno_signame\fR and \fBno_sigdump\fR are permanently set and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point). .Sp For convenience the values \fBca_default\fR are accepted by both to produce a reasonable output. .Sp If neither option is present the format used in earlier versions of OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format is \fBstrongly\fR discouraged because it only displays fields mentioned in the \fBpolicy\fR section, mishandles multicharacter string types and does not display extensions. .IP "\fBcopy_extensions\fR" 4 .IX Item "copy_extensions" determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled. If set to \fBnone\fR or this option is not present then extensions are ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to \fBcopy\fR then any extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied to the certificate. If set to \fBcopyall\fR then all extensions in the request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present in the certificate it is deleted first. See the \fB\s-1WARNINGS\s0\fR section before using this option. .Sp The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply values for certain extensions such as subjectAltName. .SH "POLICY FORMAT" .IX Header "POLICY FORMAT" The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to certificate \s-1DN\s0 fields. If the value is \*(L"match\*(R" then the field value must match the same field in the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. If the value is \&\*(L"supplied\*(R" then it must be present. If the value is \*(L"optional\*(R" then it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section are silently deleted, unless the \fB\-preserveDN\fR option is set but this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour. .SH "SPKAC FORMAT" .IX Header "SPKAC FORMAT" The input to the \fB\-spkac\fR command line option is a Netscape signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from the \fB\s-1KEYGEN\s0\fR tag in an \s-1HTML\s0 form to create a new private key. It is however possible to create SPKACs using the \fBspkac\fR utility. .PP The file should contain the variable \s-1SPKAC\s0 set to the value of the \s-1SPKAC\s0 and also the required \s-1DN\s0 components as name value pairs. If you need to include the same component twice then it can be preceded by a number and a '.'. .PP When processing \s-1SPKAC\s0 format, the output is \s-1DER\s0 if the \fB\-out\fR flag is used, but \s-1PEM\s0 format if sending to stdout or the \fB\-outdir\fR flag is used. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Note: these examples assume that the \fBca\fR directory structure is already set up and the relevant files already exist. This usually involves creating a \s-1CA\s0 certificate and private key with \fBreq\fR, a serial number file and an empty index file and placing them in the relevant directories. .PP To use the sample configuration file below the directories demoCA, demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The \s-1CA\s0 certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be created containing for example \*(L"01\*(R" and the empty index file demoCA/index.txt. .PP Sign a certificate request: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ca \-in req.pem \-out newcert.pem .Ve .PP Sign a certificate request, using \s-1CA\s0 extensions: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ca \-in req.pem \-extensions v3_ca \-out newcert.pem .Ve .PP Generate a \s-1CRL\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ca \-gencrl \-out crl.pem .Ve .PP Sign several requests: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ca \-infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem .Ve .PP Certify a Netscape \s-1SPKAC:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl ca \-spkac spkac.txt .Ve .PP A sample \s-1SPKAC\s0 file (the \s-1SPKAC\s0 line has been truncated for clarity): .PP .Vb 5 \& SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5 \& CN=Steve Test \& emailAddress=steve@openssl.org \& 0.OU=OpenSSL Group \& 1.OU=Another Group .Ve .PP A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for \fBca\fR: .PP .Vb 2 \& [ ca ] \& default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section \& \& [ CA_default ] \& \& dir = ./demoCA # top dir \& database = $dir/index.txt # index file. \& new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # new certs dir \& \& certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA cert \& serial = $dir/serial # serial no file \& private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key \& RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # random number file \& \& default_days = 365 # how long to certify for \& default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL \& default_md = md5 # md to use \& \& policy = policy_any # default policy \& email_in_dn = no # Don\*(Aqt add the email into cert DN \& \& name_opt = ca_default # Subject name display option \& cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate display option \& copy_extensions = none # Don\*(Aqt copy extensions from request \& \& [ policy_any ] \& countryName = supplied \& stateOrProvinceName = optional \& organizationName = optional \& organizationalUnitName = optional \& commonName = supplied \& emailAddress = optional .Ve .SH "FILES" .IX Header "FILES" Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options, configuration file entries, environment variables or command line options. The values below reflect the default values. .PP .Vb 10 \& /usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf \- master configuration file \& ./demoCA \- main CA directory \& ./demoCA/cacert.pem \- CA certificate \& ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem \- CA private key \& ./demoCA/serial \- CA serial number file \& ./demoCA/serial.old \- CA serial number backup file \& ./demoCA/index.txt \- CA text database file \& ./demoCA/index.txt.old \- CA text database backup file \& ./demoCA/certs \- certificate output file \& ./demoCA/.rnd \- CA random seed information .Ve .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" \&\fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR reflects the location of master configuration file it can be overridden by the \fB\-config\fR command line option. .SH "RESTRICTIONS" .IX Header "RESTRICTIONS" The text database index file is a critical part of the process and if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current \&\s-1CRL:\s0 however there is no option to do this. .PP V2 \s-1CRL\s0 features like delta CRLs are not currently supported. .PP Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only possible to include one \s-1SPKAC\s0 or self signed certificate. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" The use of an in memory text database can cause problems when large numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies the database has to be kept in memory. .PP The \fBca\fR command really needs rewriting or the required functionality exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility (perl script or \s-1GUI\s0) can handle things properly. The scripts \fB\s-1CA\s0.sh\fR and \&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR help a little but not very much. .PP Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently deleted. This does not happen if the \fB\-preserveDN\fR option is used. To enforce the absence of the \s-1EMAIL\s0 field within the \s-1DN,\s0 as suggested by RFCs, regardless the contents of the request' subject the \fB\-noemailDN\fR option can be used. The behaviour should be more friendly and configurable. .PP Cancelling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can create an empty file. .SH "WARNINGS" .IX Header "WARNINGS" The \fBca\fR command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly. .PP The \fBca\fR utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things in a \s-1CA.\s0 It was not supposed to be used as a full blown \s-1CA\s0 itself: nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose. .PP The \fBca\fR command is effectively a single user command: no locking is done on the various files and attempts to run more than one \fBca\fR command on the same database can have unpredictable results. .PP The \fBcopy_extensions\fR option should be used with caution. If care is not taken then it can be a security risk. For example if a certificate request contains a basicConstraints extension with \s-1CA:TRUE\s0 and the \&\fBcopy_extensions\fR value is set to \fBcopyall\fR and the user does not spot this when the certificate is displayed then this will hand the requestor a valid \s-1CA\s0 certificate. .PP This situation can be avoided by setting \fBcopy_extensions\fR to \fBcopy\fR and including basicConstraints with \s-1CA:FALSE\s0 in the configuration file. Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension it will be ignored. .PP It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such as \fBkeyUsage\fR to prevent a request supplying its own values. .PP Additional restrictions can be placed on the \s-1CA\s0 certificate itself. For example if the \s-1CA\s0 certificate has: .PP .Vb 1 \& basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0 .Ve .PP then even if a certificate is issued with \s-1CA:TRUE\s0 it will not be valid. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIspkac\fR\|(1), \fIx509\fR\|(1), \s-1\fICA\s0.pl\fR\|(1), \&\fIconfig\fR\|(5), \fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) PK!#4tt man1/req.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. 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No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "REQ 1" .TH REQ 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" req \- PKCS#10 certificate request and certificate generating utility. .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBreq\fR [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-text\fR] [\fB\-pubkey\fR] [\fB\-noout\fR] [\fB\-verify\fR] [\fB\-modulus\fR] [\fB\-new\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-newkey rsa:bits\fR] [\fB\-newkey alg:file\fR] [\fB\-nodes\fR] [\fB\-key filename\fR] [\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-keyout filename\fR] [\fB\-keygen_engine id\fR] [\fB\-[digest]\fR] [\fB\-config filename\fR] [\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR] [\fB\-x509\fR] [\fB\-days n\fR] [\fB\-set_serial n\fR] [\fB\-asn1\-kludge\fR] [\fB\-no\-asn1\-kludge\fR] [\fB\-newhdr\fR] [\fB\-extensions section\fR] [\fB\-reqexts section\fR] [\fB\-utf8\fR] [\fB\-nameopt\fR] [\fB\-reqopt\fR] [\fB\-subject\fR] [\fB\-subj arg\fR] [\fB\-batch\fR] [\fB\-verbose\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBreq\fR command primarily creates and processes certificate requests in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self signed certificates for use as root CAs for example. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded form compatible with the PKCS#10. The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a request from or standard input if this option is not specified. A request is only read if the creation options (\fB\-new\fR and \fB\-newkey\fR) are not specified. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default. .IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout arg" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4 .IX Item "-text" prints out the certificate request in text form. .IP "\fB\-subject\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subject" prints out the request subject (or certificate subject if \fB\-x509\fR is specified) .IP "\fB\-pubkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pubkey" outputs the public key. .IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4 .IX Item "-noout" this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request. .IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4 .IX Item "-modulus" this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the request. .IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify" verifies the signature on the request. .IP "\fB\-new\fR" 4 .IX Item "-new" this option generates a new certificate request. It will prompt the user for the relevant field values. The actual fields prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified in the configuration file and any requested extensions. .Sp If the \fB\-key\fR option is not used it will generate a new \s-1RSA\s0 private key using information specified in the configuration file. .IP "\fB\-subj arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subj arg" Replaces subject field of input request with specified data and outputs modified request. The arg must be formatted as \&\fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR, characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), no spaces are skipped. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-newkey arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-newkey arg" this option creates a new certificate request and a new private key. The argument takes one of several forms. \fBrsa:nbits\fR, where \&\fBnbits\fR is the number of bits, generates an \s-1RSA\s0 key \fBnbits\fR in size. If \fBnbits\fR is omitted, i.e. \fB\-newkey rsa\fR specified, the default key size, specified in the configuration file is used. .Sp All other algorithms support the \fB\-newkey alg:file\fR form, where file may be an algorithm parameter file, created by the \fBgenpkey \-genparam\fR command or and X.509 certificate for a key with approriate algorithm. .Sp \&\fBparam:file\fR generates a key using the parameter file or certificate \fBfile\fR, the algorithm is determined by the parameters. \fBalgname:file\fR use algorithm \&\fBalgname\fR and parameter file \fBfile\fR: the two algorithms must match or an error occurs. \fBalgname\fR just uses algorithm \fBalgname\fR, and parameters, if neccessary should be specified via \fB\-pkeyopt\fR parameter. .Sp \&\fBdsa:filename\fR generates a \s-1DSA\s0 key using the parameters in the file \fBfilename\fR. \fBec:filename\fR generates \s-1EC\s0 key (usable both with \&\s-1ECDSA\s0 or \s-1ECDH\s0 algorithms), \fBgost2001:filename\fR generates \s-1GOST R 34.10\-2001\s0 key (requires \fBccgost\fR engine configured in the configuration file). If just \fBgost2001\fR is specified a parameter set should be specified by \fB\-pkeyopt paramset:X\fR .IP "\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pkeyopt opt:value" set the public key algorithm option \fBopt\fR to \fBvalue\fR. The precise set of options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its implementation. See \fB\s-1KEY GENERATION OPTIONS\s0\fR in the \fBgenpkey\fR manual page for more details. .IP "\fB\-key filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-key filename" This specifies the file to read the private key from. It also accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for \s-1PEM\s0 format files. .IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER" the format of the private key file specified in the \fB\-key\fR argument. \s-1PEM\s0 is the default. .IP "\fB\-keyout filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyout filename" this gives the filename to write the newly created private key to. If this option is not specified then the filename present in the configuration file is used. .IP "\fB\-nodes\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nodes" if this option is specified then if a private key is created it will not be encrypted. .IP "\fB\-[digest]\fR" 4 .IX Item "-[digest]" this specifies the message digest to sign the request with (such as \&\fB\-md5\fR, \fB\-sha1\fR). This overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file. For full list of possible digests see openssl dgst \-h output. .Sp Some public key algorithms may override this choice. For instance, \s-1DSA\s0 signatures always use \s-1SHA1, GOST R 34.10\s0 signatures always use \&\s-1GOST R 34.11\-94 \s0(\fB\-md_gost94\fR). .IP "\fB\-config filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-config filename" this allows an alternative configuration file to be specified, this overrides the compile time filename or any specified in the \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR environment variable. .IP "\fB\-subj arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-subj arg" sets subject name for new request or supersedes the subject name when processing a request. The arg must be formatted as \fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR, characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), no spaces are skipped. .IP "\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR" 4 .IX Item "-multivalue-rdn" this option causes the \-subj argument to be interpreted with full support for multivalued RDNs. Example: .Sp \&\fI/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe\fR .Sp If \-multi\-rdn is not used then the \s-1UID\s0 value is \fI123456+CN=John Doe\fR. .IP "\fB\-x509\fR" 4 .IX Item "-x509" this option outputs a self signed certificate instead of a certificate request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or a self signed root \s-1CA.\s0 The extensions added to the certificate (if any) are specified in the configuration file. Unless specified using the \fBset_serial\fR option, a large random number will be used for the serial number. .IP "\fB\-days n\fR" 4 .IX Item "-days n" when the \fB\-x509\fR option is being used this specifies the number of days to certify the certificate for. The default is 30 days. .IP "\fB\-set_serial n\fR" 4 .IX Item "-set_serial n" serial number to use when outputting a self signed certificate. This may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded by \fB0x\fR. It is possible to use negative serial numbers but this is not recommended. .IP "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-extensions section" .PD 0 .IP "\fB\-reqexts section\fR" 4 .IX Item "-reqexts section" .PD these options specify alternative sections to include certificate extensions (if the \fB\-x509\fR option is present) or certificate request extensions. This allows several different sections to be used in the same configuration file to specify requests for a variety of purposes. .IP "\fB\-utf8\fR" 4 .IX Item "-utf8" this option causes field values to be interpreted as \s-1UTF8\s0 strings, by default they are interpreted as \s-1ASCII.\s0 This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid \s-1UTF8\s0 strings. .IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nameopt option" option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The \&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the \fIx509\fR\|(1) manual page for details. .IP "\fB\-reqopt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-reqopt" customise the output format used with \fB\-text\fR. The \fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. .Sp See discission of the \fB\-certopt\fR parameter in the \fBx509\fR command. .IP "\fB\-asn1\-kludge\fR" 4 .IX Item "-asn1-kludge" by default the \fBreq\fR command outputs certificate requests containing no attributes in the correct PKCS#10 format. However certain CAs will only accept requests containing no attributes in an invalid form: this option produces this invalid format. .Sp More precisely the \fBAttributes\fR in a PKCS#10 certificate request are defined as a \fB\s-1SET OF\s0 Attribute\fR. They are \fBnot \s-1OPTIONAL\s0\fR so if no attributes are present then they should be encoded as an empty \fB\s-1SET OF\s0\fR. The invalid form does not include the empty \&\fB\s-1SET OF\s0\fR whereas the correct form does. .Sp It should be noted that very few CAs still require the use of this option. .IP "\fB\-no\-asn1\-kludge\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no-asn1-kludge" Reverses effect of \fB\-asn1\-kludge\fR .IP "\fB\-newhdr\fR" 4 .IX Item "-newhdr" Adds the word \fB\s-1NEW\s0\fR to the \s-1PEM\s0 file header and footer lines on the outputted request. Some software (Netscape certificate server) and some CAs need this. .IP "\fB\-batch\fR" 4 .IX Item "-batch" non-interactive mode. .IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verbose" print extra details about the operations being performed. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBreq\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fB\-keygen_engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keygen_engine id" specifies an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) which would be used for key generation operations. .SH "CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT" .IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT" The configuration options are specified in the \fBreq\fR section of the configuration file. As with all configuration files if no value is specified in the specific section (i.e. \fBreq\fR) then the initial unnamed or \fBdefault\fR section is searched too. .PP The options available are described in detail below. .IP "\fBinput_password output_password\fR" 4 .IX Item "input_password output_password" The passwords for the input private key file (if present) and the output private key file (if one will be created). The command line options \fBpassin\fR and \fBpassout\fR override the configuration file values. .IP "\fBdefault_bits\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_bits" Specifies the default key size in bits. .Sp This option is used in conjunction with the \fB\-new\fR option to generate a new key. It can be overridden by specifying an explicit key size in the \fB\-newkey\fR option. The smallest accepted key size is 512 bits. If no key size is specified then 2048 bits is used. .IP "\fBdefault_keyfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_keyfile" This is the default filename to write a private key to. If not specified the key is written to standard output. This can be overridden by the \fB\-keyout\fR option. .IP "\fBoid_file\fR" 4 .IX Item "oid_file" This specifies a file containing additional \fB\s-1OBJECT IDENTIFIERS\s0\fR. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed by white space and finally the long name. .IP "\fBoid_section\fR" 4 .IX Item "oid_section" This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by \fB=\fR and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used. .IP "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "RANDFILE" This specifies a filename in which random number seed information is placed and read from, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). It is used for private key generation. .IP "\fBencrypt_key\fR" 4 .IX Item "encrypt_key" If this is set to \fBno\fR then if a private key is generated it is \&\fBnot\fR encrypted. This is equivalent to the \fB\-nodes\fR command line option. For compatibility \fBencrypt_rsa_key\fR is an equivalent option. .IP "\fBdefault_md\fR" 4 .IX Item "default_md" This option specifies the digest algorithm to use. Possible values include \fBmd5 sha1 mdc2\fR. If not present then \s-1MD5\s0 is used. This option can be overridden on the command line. .IP "\fBstring_mask\fR" 4 .IX Item "string_mask" This option masks out the use of certain string types in certain fields. Most users will not need to change this option. .Sp It can be set to several values \fBdefault\fR which is also the default option uses PrintableStrings, T61Strings and BMPStrings if the \&\fBpkix\fR value is used then only PrintableStrings and BMPStrings will be used. This follows the \s-1PKIX\s0 recommendation in \s-1RFC2459.\s0 If the \&\fButf8only\fR option is used then only UTF8Strings will be used: this is the \s-1PKIX\s0 recommendation in \s-1RFC2459\s0 after 2003. Finally the \fBnombstr\fR option just uses PrintableStrings and T61Strings: certain software has problems with BMPStrings and UTF8Strings: in particular Netscape. .IP "\fBreq_extensions\fR" 4 .IX Item "req_extensions" this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden by the \fB\-reqexts\fR command line switch. See the \&\fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the extension section format. .IP "\fBx509_extensions\fR" 4 .IX Item "x509_extensions" this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to certificate generated when the \fB\-x509\fR switch is used. It can be overridden by the \fB\-extensions\fR command line switch. .IP "\fBprompt\fR" 4 .IX Item "prompt" if set to the value \fBno\fR this disables prompting of certificate fields and just takes values from the config file directly. It also changes the expected format of the \fBdistinguished_name\fR and \fBattributes\fR sections. .IP "\fButf8\fR" 4 .IX Item "utf8" if set to the value \fByes\fR then field values to be interpreted as \s-1UTF8\s0 strings, by default they are interpreted as \s-1ASCII.\s0 This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid \s-1UTF8\s0 strings. .IP "\fBattributes\fR" 4 .IX Item "attributes" this specifies the section containing any request attributes: its format is the same as \fBdistinguished_name\fR. Typically these may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are currently ignored by OpenSSL's request signing utilities but some CAs might want them. .IP "\fBdistinguished_name\fR" 4 .IX Item "distinguished_name" This specifies the section containing the distinguished name fields to prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. The format is described in the next section. .SH "DISTINGUISHED NAME AND ATTRIBUTE SECTION FORMAT" .IX Header "DISTINGUISHED NAME AND ATTRIBUTE SECTION FORMAT" There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute sections. If the \fBprompt\fR option is set to \fBno\fR then these sections just consist of field names and values: for example, .PP .Vb 3 \& CN=My Name \& OU=My Organization \& emailAddress=someone@somewhere.org .Ve .PP This allows external programs (e.g. \s-1GUI\s0 based) to generate a template file with all the field names and values and just pass it to \fBreq\fR. An example of this kind of configuration file is contained in the \fB\s-1EXAMPLES\s0\fR section. .PP Alternatively if the \fBprompt\fR option is absent or not set to \fBno\fR then the file contains field prompting information. It consists of lines of the form: .PP .Vb 4 \& fieldName="prompt" \& fieldName_default="default field value" \& fieldName_min= 2 \& fieldName_max= 4 .Ve .PP \&\*(L"fieldName\*(R" is the field name being used, for example commonName (or \s-1CN\s0). The \*(L"prompt\*(R" string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant details. If the user enters nothing then the default value is used if no default value is present then the field is omitted. A field can still be omitted if a default value is present if the user just enters the '.' character. .PP The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based on the field being used (for example countryName can only ever be two characters long and must fit in a PrintableString). .PP Some fields (such as organizationName) can be used more than once in a \s-1DN.\s0 This presents a problem because configuration files will not recognize the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem if the fieldName contains some characters followed by a full stop they will be ignored. So for example a second organizationName can be input by calling it \*(L"1.organizationName\*(R". .PP The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or long names. These are compiled into OpenSSL and include the usual values such as commonName, countryName, localityName, organizationName, organizationalUnitName, stateOrProvinceName. Additionally emailAddress is include as well as name, surname, givenName initials and dnQualifier. .PP Additional object identifiers can be defined with the \fBoid_file\fR or \&\fBoid_section\fR options in the configuration file. Any additional fields will be treated as though they were a DirectoryString. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Examine and verify certificate request: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl req \-in req.pem \-text \-verify \-noout .Ve .PP Create a private key and then generate a certificate request from it: .PP .Vb 2 \& openssl genrsa \-out key.pem 2048 \& openssl req \-new \-key key.pem \-out req.pem .Ve .PP The same but just using req: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl req \-newkey rsa:2048 \-keyout key.pem \-out req.pem .Ve .PP Generate a self signed root certificate: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl req \-x509 \-newkey rsa:2048 \-keyout key.pem \-out req.pem .Ve .PP Example of a file pointed to by the \fBoid_file\fR option: .PP .Vb 2 \& 1.2.3.4 shortName A longer Name \& 1.2.3.6 otherName Other longer Name .Ve .PP Example of a section pointed to by \fBoid_section\fR making use of variable expansion: .PP .Vb 2 \& testoid1=1.2.3.5 \& testoid2=${testoid1}.6 .Ve .PP Sample configuration file prompting for field values: .PP .Vb 6 \& [ req ] \& default_bits = 2048 \& default_keyfile = privkey.pem \& distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name \& attributes = req_attributes \& x509_extensions = v3_ca \& \& dirstring_type = nobmp \& \& [ req_distinguished_name ] \& countryName = Country Name (2 letter code) \& countryName_default = AU \& countryName_min = 2 \& countryName_max = 2 \& \& localityName = Locality Name (eg, city) \& \& organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) \& \& commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) \& commonName_max = 64 \& \& emailAddress = Email Address \& emailAddress_max = 40 \& \& [ req_attributes ] \& challengePassword = A challenge password \& challengePassword_min = 4 \& challengePassword_max = 20 \& \& [ v3_ca ] \& \& subjectKeyIdentifier=hash \& authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always \& basicConstraints = CA:true .Ve .PP Sample configuration containing all field values: .PP .Vb 1 \& RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd \& \& [ req ] \& default_bits = 2048 \& default_keyfile = keyfile.pem \& distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name \& attributes = req_attributes \& prompt = no \& output_password = mypass \& \& [ req_distinguished_name ] \& C = GB \& ST = Test State or Province \& L = Test Locality \& O = Organization Name \& OU = Organizational Unit Name \& CN = Common Name \& emailAddress = test@email.address \& \& [ req_attributes ] \& challengePassword = A challenge password .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The header and footer lines in the \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR format are normally: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP some software (some versions of Netscape certificate server) instead needs: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP which is produced with the \fB\-newhdr\fR option but is otherwise compatible. Either form is accepted transparently on input. .PP The certificate requests generated by \fBXenroll\fR with \s-1MSIE\s0 have extensions added. It includes the \fBkeyUsage\fR extension which determines the type of key (signature only or general purpose) and any additional OIDs entered by the script in an extendedKeyUsage extension. .SH "DIAGNOSTICS" .IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS" The following messages are frequently asked about: .PP .Vb 2 \& Using configuration from /some/path/openssl.cnf \& Unable to load config info .Ve .PP This is followed some time later by... .PP .Vb 2 \& unable to find \*(Aqdistinguished_name\*(Aq in config \& problems making Certificate Request .Ve .PP The first error message is the clue: it can't find the configuration file! Certain operations (like examining a certificate request) don't need a configuration file so its use isn't enforced. Generation of certificates or requests however does need a configuration file. This could be regarded as a bug. .PP Another puzzling message is this: .PP .Vb 2 \& Attributes: \& a0:00 .Ve .PP this is displayed when no attributes are present and the request includes the correct empty \fB\s-1SET OF\s0\fR structure (the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of which is 0xa0 0x00). If you just see: .PP .Vb 1 \& Attributes: .Ve .PP then the \fB\s-1SET OF\s0\fR is missing and the encoding is technically invalid (but it is tolerated). See the description of the command line option \fB\-asn1\-kludge\fR for more information. .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" The variable \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR if defined allows an alternative configuration file location to be specified, it will be overridden by the \fB\-config\fR command line switch if it is present. For compatibility reasons the \fB\s-1SSLEAY_CONF\s0\fR environment variable serves the same purpose but its use is discouraged. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" OpenSSL's handling of T61Strings (aka TeletexStrings) is broken: it effectively treats them as \s-1ISO\-8859\-1 \s0(Latin 1), Netscape and \s-1MSIE\s0 have similar behaviour. This can cause problems if you need characters that aren't available in PrintableStrings and you don't want to or can't use BMPStrings. .PP As a consequence of the T61String handling the only correct way to represent accented characters in OpenSSL is to use a BMPString: unfortunately Netscape currently chokes on these. If you have to use accented characters with Netscape and \s-1MSIE\s0 then you currently need to use the invalid T61String form. .PP The current prompting is not very friendly. It doesn't allow you to confirm what you've just entered. Other things like extensions in certificate requests are statically defined in the configuration file. Some of these: like an email address in subjectAltName should be input by the user. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIx509\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIgendsa\fR\|(1), \fIconfig\fR\|(5), \&\fIx509v3_config\fR\|(5) PK!aGGman1/s_client.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. 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Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "S_CLIENT 1" .TH S_CLIENT 1 "2017-06-30" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" s_client \- SSL/TLS client program .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBs_client\fR [\fB\-connect host:port\fR] [\fB\-servername name\fR] [\fB\-verify depth\fR] [\fB\-verify_return_error\fR] [\fB\-cert filename\fR] [\fB\-certform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-key filename\fR] [\fB\-keyform DER|PEM\fR] [\fB\-pass arg\fR] [\fB\-CApath directory\fR] [\fB\-CAfile filename\fR] [\fB\-trusted_first\fR] [\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR] [\fB\-reconnect\fR] [\fB\-pause\fR] [\fB\-showcerts\fR] [\fB\-debug\fR] [\fB\-msg\fR] [\fB\-nbio_test\fR] [\fB\-state\fR] [\fB\-nbio\fR] [\fB\-crlf\fR] [\fB\-ign_eof\fR] [\fB\-no_ign_eof\fR] [\fB\-quiet\fR] [\fB\-ssl2\fR] [\fB\-ssl3\fR] [\fB\-tls1\fR] [\fB\-tls1_1\fR] [\fB\-tls1_2\fR] [\fB\-dtls1\fR] [\fB\-no_ssl2\fR] [\fB\-no_ssl3\fR] [\fB\-no_tls1\fR] [\fB\-no_tls1_1\fR] [\fB\-no_tls1_2\fR] [\fB\-fallback_scsv\fR] [\fB\-bugs\fR] [\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR] [\fB\-krb5svc service\fR] [\fB\-serverpref\fR] [\fB\-starttls protocol\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] [\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR] [\fB\-no_ticket\fR] [\fB\-sess_out filename\fR] [\fB\-sess_in filename\fR] [\fB\-rand file(s)\fR] [\fB\-serverinfo types\fR] [\fB\-status\fR] [\fB\-alpn protocols\fR] [\fB\-nextprotoneg protocols\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBs_client\fR command implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which connects to a remote host using \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It is a \fIvery\fR useful diagnostic tool for \&\s-1SSL\s0 servers. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-connect host:port\fR" 4 .IX Item "-connect host:port" This specifies the host and optional port to connect to. If not specified then an attempt is made to connect to the local host on port 4433. .IP "\fB\-servername name\fR" 4 .IX Item "-servername name" Set the \s-1TLS SNI \s0(Server Name Indication) extension in the ClientHello message. .IP "\fB\-cert certname\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cert certname" The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is not to use a certificate. .IP "\fB\-certform format\fR" 4 .IX Item "-certform format" The certificate format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default. .IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4 .IX Item "-key keyfile" The private key to use. If not specified then the certificate file will be used. .IP "\fB\-keyform format\fR" 4 .IX Item "-keyform format" The private format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default. .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pass arg" the private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-verify depth\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify depth" The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the server certificate chain and turns on server certificate verification. Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect the connection will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure. .IP "\fB\-verify_return_error\fR" 4 .IX Item "-verify_return_error" Return verification errors instead of continuing. This will typically abort the handshake with a fatal error. .IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CApath directory" The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR for more information. These are also used when building the client certificate chain. .IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4 .IX Item "-CAfile file" A file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain. .IP "\fB\-purpose, \-ignore_critical, \-issuer_checks, \-crl_check, \-crl_check_all, \-policy_check, \-extended_crl, \-x509_strict, \-policy \-check_ss_sig, \-trusted_first \-no_alt_chains\fR" 4 .IX Item "-purpose, -ignore_critical, -issuer_checks, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -policy_check, -extended_crl, -x509_strict, -policy -check_ss_sig, -trusted_first -no_alt_chains" Set various certificate chain valiadition option. See the \&\fBverify\fR manual page for details. .IP "\fB\-reconnect\fR" 4 .IX Item "-reconnect" reconnects to the same server 5 times using the same session \s-1ID,\s0 this can be used as a test that session caching is working. .IP "\fB\-pause\fR" 4 .IX Item "-pause" pauses 1 second between each read and write call. .IP "\fB\-showcerts\fR" 4 .IX Item "-showcerts" display the whole server certificate chain: normally only the server certificate itself is displayed. .IP "\fB\-prexit\fR" 4 .IX Item "-prexit" print session information when the program exits. This will always attempt to print out information even if the connection fails. Normally information will only be printed out once if the connection succeeds. This option is useful because the cipher in use may be renegotiated or the connection may fail because a client certificate is required or is requested only after an attempt is made to access a certain \s-1URL.\s0 Note: the output produced by this option is not always accurate because a connection might never have been established. .IP "\fB\-state\fR" 4 .IX Item "-state" prints out the \s-1SSL\s0 session states. .IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4 .IX Item "-debug" print extensive debugging information including a hex dump of all traffic. .IP "\fB\-msg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-msg" show all protocol messages with hex dump. .IP "\fB\-nbio_test\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nbio_test" tests non-blocking I/O .IP "\fB\-nbio\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nbio" turns on non-blocking I/O .IP "\fB\-crlf\fR" 4 .IX Item "-crlf" this option translated a line feed from the terminal into \s-1CR+LF\s0 as required by some servers. .IP "\fB\-ign_eof\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ign_eof" inhibit shutting down the connection when end of file is reached in the input. .IP "\fB\-quiet\fR" 4 .IX Item "-quiet" inhibit printing of session and certificate information. This implicitly turns on \fB\-ign_eof\fR as well. .IP "\fB\-no_ign_eof\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_ign_eof" shut down the connection when end of file is reached in the input. Can be used to override the implicit \fB\-ign_eof\fR after \fB\-quiet\fR. .IP "\fB\-psk_identity identity\fR" 4 .IX Item "-psk_identity identity" Use the \s-1PSK\s0 identity \fBidentity\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite. .IP "\fB\-psk key\fR" 4 .IX Item "-psk key" Use the \s-1PSK\s0 key \fBkey\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite. The key is given as a hexadecimal number without leading 0x, for example \-psk 1a2b3c4d. .IP "\fB\-ssl2\fR, \fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-tls1_1\fR, \fB\-tls1_2\fR, \fB\-dtls1\fR, \fB\-no_ssl2\fR, \fB\-no_ssl3\fR, \fB\-no_tls1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_2\fR" 4 .IX Item "-ssl2, -ssl3, -tls1, -tls1_1, -tls1_2, -dtls1, -no_ssl2, -no_ssl3, -no_tls1, -no_tls1_1, -no_tls1_2" These options require or disable the use of the specified \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 protocols. By default the initial handshake uses a \fIversion-flexible\fR method which will negotiate the highest mutually supported protocol version. .IP "\fB\-fallback_scsv\fR" 4 .IX Item "-fallback_scsv" Send \s-1TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV\s0 in the ClientHello. .IP "\fB\-bugs\fR" 4 .IX Item "-bugs" there are several known bug in \s-1SSL\s0 and \s-1TLS\s0 implementations. Adding this option enables various workarounds. .IP "\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR" 4 .IX Item "-cipher cipherlist" this allows the cipher list sent by the client to be modified. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used it should take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the \fBciphers\fR command for more information. .IP "\fB\-serverpref\fR" 4 .IX Item "-serverpref" use the server's cipher preferences; only used for \s-1SSLV2.\s0 .IP "\fB\-krb5svc service\fR" 4 .IX Item "-krb5svc service" the Kerberos service name to use (default \*(L"host\*(R"). This means s_server will expect a ticket for the principal \fIservice\fR/hostname@REALM, and will need keys for that principal in its keytab. .IP "\fB\-starttls protocol\fR" 4 .IX Item "-starttls protocol" send the protocol-specific message(s) to switch to \s-1TLS\s0 for communication. \&\fBprotocol\fR is a keyword for the intended protocol. Currently, the only supported keywords are \*(L"smtp\*(R", \*(L"pop3\*(R", \*(L"imap\*(R", and \*(L"ftp\*(R". .IP "\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR" 4 .IX Item "-tlsextdebug" print out a hex dump of any \s-1TLS\s0 extensions received from the server. .IP "\fB\-no_ticket\fR" 4 .IX Item "-no_ticket" disable RFC4507bis session ticket support. .IP "\fB\-sess_out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sess_out filename" output \s-1SSL\s0 session to \fBfilename\fR .IP "\fB\-sess_in sess.pem\fR" 4 .IX Item "-sess_in sess.pem" load \s-1SSL\s0 session from \fBfilename\fR. The client will attempt to resume a connection from this session. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBs_client\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .IP "\fB\-rand file(s)\fR" 4 .IX Item "-rand file(s)" a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an \s-1EGD\s0 socket (see \fIRAND_egd\fR\|(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for all others. .IP "\fB\-serverinfo types\fR" 4 .IX Item "-serverinfo types" a list of comma-separated \s-1TLS\s0 Extension Types (numbers between 0 and 65535). Each type will be sent as an empty ClientHello \s-1TLS\s0 Extension. The server's response (if any) will be encoded and displayed as a \s-1PEM\s0 file. .IP "\fB\-status\fR" 4 .IX Item "-status" sends a certificate status request to the server (\s-1OCSP\s0 stapling). The server response (if any) is printed out. .IP "\fB\-alpn protocols\fR, \fB\-nextprotoneg protocols\fR" 4 .IX Item "-alpn protocols, -nextprotoneg protocols" these flags enable the Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation or Next Protocol Negotiation extension, respectively. \s-1ALPN\s0 is the \s-1IETF\s0 standard and replaces \s-1NPN.\s0 The \fBprotocols\fR list is a comma-separated protocol names that the client should advertise support for. The list should contain most wanted protocols first. Protocol names are printable \s-1ASCII\s0 strings, for example \*(L"http/1.1\*(R" or \&\*(L"spdy/3\*(R". Empty list of protocols is treated specially and will cause the client to advertise support for the \s-1TLS\s0 extension but disconnect just after reciving ServerHello with a list of server supported protocols. .SH "CONNECTED COMMANDS" .IX Header "CONNECTED COMMANDS" If a connection is established with an \s-1SSL\s0 server then any data received from the server is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the server. When used interactively (which means neither \fB\-quiet\fR nor \fB\-ign_eof\fR have been given), the session will be renegotiated if the line begins with an \&\fBR\fR, and if the line begins with a \fBQ\fR or if end of file is reached, the connection will be closed down. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" \&\fBs_client\fR can be used to debug \s-1SSL\s0 servers. To connect to an \s-1SSL HTTP\s0 server the command: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl s_client \-connect servername:443 .Ve .PP would typically be used (https uses port 443). If the connection succeeds then an \s-1HTTP\s0 command can be given such as \*(L"\s-1GET /\*(R"\s0 to retrieve a web page. .PP If the handshake fails then there are several possible causes, if it is nothing obvious like no client certificate then the \fB\-bugs\fR, \fB\-ssl2\fR, \&\fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-no_ssl2\fR, \fB\-no_ssl3\fR, \fB\-no_tls1\fR options can be tried in case it is a buggy server. In particular you should play with these options \fBbefore\fR submitting a bug report to an OpenSSL mailing list. .PP A frequent problem when attempting to get client certificates working is that a web client complains it has no certificates or gives an empty list to choose from. This is normally because the server is not sending the clients certificate authority in its \*(L"acceptable \s-1CA\s0 list\*(R" when it requests a certificate. By using \fBs_client\fR the \s-1CA\s0 list can be viewed and checked. However some servers only request client authentication after a specific \s-1URL\s0 is requested. To obtain the list in this case it is necessary to use the \fB\-prexit\fR option and send an \s-1HTTP\s0 request for an appropriate page. .PP If a certificate is specified on the command line using the \fB\-cert\fR option it will not be used unless the server specifically requests a client certificate. Therefor merely including a client certificate on the command line is no guarantee that the certificate works. .PP If there are problems verifying a server certificate then the \&\fB\-showcerts\fR option can be used to show the whole chain. .PP Since the SSLv23 client hello cannot include compression methods or extensions these will only be supported if its use is disabled, for example by using the \&\fB\-no_sslv2\fR option. .PP The \fBs_client\fR utility is a test tool and is designed to continue the handshake after any certificate verification errors. As a result it will accept any certificate chain (trusted or not) sent by the peer. None test applications should \fBnot\fR do this as it makes them vulnerable to a \s-1MITM\s0 attack. This behaviour can be changed by with the \fB\-verify_return_error\fR option: any verify errors are then returned aborting the handshake. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Because this program has a lot of options and also because some of the techniques used are rather old, the C source of s_client is rather hard to read and not a model of how things should be done. A typical \&\s-1SSL\s0 client program would be much simpler. .PP The \fB\-prexit\fR option is a bit of a hack. We should really report information whenever a session is renegotiated. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIsess_id\fR\|(1), \fIs_server\fR\|(1), \fIciphers\fR\|(1) .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The \-no_alt_chains options was first added to OpenSSL 1.0.2b. PK!wE B6B6man1/pkcs8.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "PKCS8 1" .TH PKCS8 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" pkcs8 \- PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs8\fR [\fB\-topk8\fR] [\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR] [\fB\-in filename\fR] [\fB\-passin arg\fR] [\fB\-out filename\fR] [\fB\-passout arg\fR] [\fB\-noiter\fR] [\fB\-nocrypt\fR] [\fB\-nooct\fR] [\fB\-embed\fR] [\fB\-nsdb\fR] [\fB\-v2 alg\fR] [\fB\-v2prf alg\fR] [\fB\-v1 alg\fR] [\fB\-engine id\fR] .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBpkcs8\fR command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms. .SH "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-topk8\fR" 4 .IX Item "-topk8" Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a traditional format private key will be written. With the \fB\-topk8\fR option the situation is reversed: it reads a traditional format private key and writes a PKCS#8 format key. .IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-inform DER|PEM" This specifies the input format. If a PKCS#8 format key is expected on input then either a \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR or \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR encoded version of a PKCS#8 key will be expected. Otherwise the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR or \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR format of the traditional format private key is used. .IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4 .IX Item "-outform DER|PEM" This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the \&\fB\-inform\fR option. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-in filename" This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be prompted for. .IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passin arg" the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4 .IX Item "-out filename" This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input filename. .IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-passout arg" the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fIopenssl\fR\|(1). .IP "\fB\-nocrypt\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nocrypt" PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output. This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java code signing software used unencrypted private keys. .IP "\fB\-nooct\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nooct" This option generates \s-1RSA\s0 private keys in a broken format that some software uses. Specifically the private key should be enclosed in a \s-1OCTET STRING\s0 but some software just includes the structure itself without the surrounding \s-1OCTET STRING.\s0 .IP "\fB\-embed\fR" 4 .IX Item "-embed" This option generates \s-1DSA\s0 keys in a broken format. The \s-1DSA\s0 parameters are embedded inside the PrivateKey structure. In this form the \s-1OCTET STRING\s0 contains an \s-1ASN1 SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of two structures: a \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 containing the parameters and an \s-1ASN1 INTEGER\s0 containing the private key. .IP "\fB\-nsdb\fR" 4 .IX Item "-nsdb" This option generates \s-1DSA\s0 keys in a broken format compatible with Netscape private key databases. The PrivateKey contains a \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of the public and private keys respectively. .IP "\fB\-v2 alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v2 alg" This option enables the use of PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms. Normally PKCS#8 private keys are encrypted with the password based encryption algorithm called \fBpbeWithMD5AndDES\-CBC\fR this uses 56 bit \s-1DES\s0 encryption but it was the strongest encryption algorithm supported in PKCS#5 v1.5. Using the \fB\-v2\fR option PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms are used which can use any encryption algorithm such as 168 bit triple \s-1DES\s0 or 128 bit \s-1RC2\s0 however not many implementations support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet. If you are just using private keys with OpenSSL then this doesn't matter. .Sp The \fBalg\fR argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include \&\fBdes\fR, \fBdes3\fR and \fBrc2\fR. It is recommended that \fBdes3\fR is used. .IP "\fB\-v2prf alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v2prf alg" This option sets the \s-1PRF\s0 algorithm to use with PKCS#5 v2.0. A typical value values would be \fBhmacWithSHA256\fR. If this option isn't set then the default for the cipher is used or \fBhmacWithSHA1\fR if there is no default. .IP "\fB\-v1 alg\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v1 alg" This option specifies a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use. A complete list of possible algorithms is included below. .IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4 .IX Item "-engine id" specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkcs8\fR to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" The encrypted form of a \s-1PEM\s0 encode PKCS#8 files uses the following headers and footers: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP The unencrypted form uses: .PP .Vb 2 \& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- \& \-\-\-\-\-END PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\- .Ve .PP Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered important the keys should be converted. .PP The default encryption is only 56 bits because this is the encryption that most current implementations of PKCS#8 will support. .PP Some software may use PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithms with PKCS#8 format private keys: these are handled automatically but there is no option to produce them. .PP It is possible to write out \s-1DER\s0 encoded encrypted private keys in PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an \s-1ASN1\s0 level whereas the traditional format includes them at a \s-1PEM\s0 level. .SH "PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms." .IX Header "PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms." Various algorithms can be used with the \fB\-v1\fR command line option, including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail below. .IP "\fB\s-1PBE\-MD2\-DES PBE\-MD5\-DES\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES" These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification. They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use \s-1DES.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-64 PBE\-MD2\-RC2\-64 PBE\-MD5\-RC2\-64 PBE\-SHA1\-DES\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 PBE-MD2-RC2-64 PBE-MD5-RC2-64 PBE-SHA1-DES" These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit \s-1RC2\s0 or 56 bit \s-1DES.\s0 .IP "\fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC4\-128 PBE\-SHA1\-RC4\-40 PBE\-SHA1\-3DES PBE\-SHA1\-2DES PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-128 PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-40\s0\fR" 4 .IX Item "PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 PBE-SHA1-3DES PBE-SHA1-2DES PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 PBE-SHA1-RC2-40" These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithm and allow strong encryption algorithms like triple \s-1DES\s0 or 128 bit \s-1RC2\s0 to be used. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple \&\s-1DES:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-v2 des3 \-out enckey.pem .Ve .PP Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using \s-1AES\s0 with 256 bits in \s-1CBC\s0 mode and \fBhmacWithSHA256\fR \s-1PRF:\s0 .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-v2 aes\-256\-cbc \-v2prf hmacWithSHA256 \-out enckey.pem .Ve .PP Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm (\s-1DES\s0): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-out enckey.pem .Ve .PP Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm (3DES): .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-out enckey.pem \-v1 PBE\-SHA1\-3DES .Ve .PP Read a \s-1DER\s0 unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs8 \-inform DER \-nocrypt \-in key.der \-out key.pem .Ve .PP Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 format to traditional format: .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl pkcs8 \-in pk8.pem \-out key.pem .Ve .SH "STANDARDS" .IX Header "STANDARDS" Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the pkcs-tng mailing list using triple \s-1DES, DES\s0 and \s-1RC2\s0 with high iteration counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these algorithms are concerned. .PP The format of PKCS#8 \s-1DSA \s0(and other) private keys is not well documented: it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default \s-1DSA\s0 PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard. .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm in use and other details such as the iteration count. .PP PKCS#8 using triple \s-1DES\s0 and PKCS#5 v2.0 should be the default private key format for OpenSSL: for compatibility several of the utilities use the old format at present. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIdsa\fR\|(1), \fIrsa\fR\|(1), \fIgenrsa\fR\|(1), \&\fIgendsa\fR\|(1) PK!2f++man1/tsget.1sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "TSGET 1" .TH TSGET 1 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" tsget \- Time Stamping HTTP/HTTPS client .SH "SYNOPSIS" .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" \&\fBtsget\fR \&\fB\-h\fR server_url [\fB\-e\fR extension] [\fB\-o\fR output] [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-d\fR] [\fB\-k\fR private_key.pem] [\fB\-p\fR key_password] [\fB\-c\fR client_cert.pem] [\fB\-C\fR CA_certs.pem] [\fB\-P\fR CA_path] [\fB\-r\fR file:file...] [\fB\-g\fR EGD_socket] [request]... .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The \fBtsget\fR command can be used for sending a time stamp request, as specified in \fB\s-1RFC 3161\s0\fR, to a time stamp server over \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1HTTPS\s0 and storing the time stamp response in a file. This tool cannot be used for creating the requests and verifying responses, you can use the OpenSSL \fB\f(BIts\fB\|(1)\fR command to do that. \fBtsget\fR can send several requests to the server without closing the \s-1TCP\s0 connection if more than one requests are specified on the command line. .PP The tool sends the following \s-1HTTP\s0 request for each time stamp request: .PP .Vb 7 \& POST url HTTP/1.1 \& User\-Agent: OpenTSA tsget.pl/ \& Host: : \& Pragma: no\-cache \& Content\-Type: application/timestamp\-query \& Accept: application/timestamp\-reply \& Content\-Length: length of body \& \& ...binary request specified by the user... .Ve .PP \&\fBtsget\fR expects a response of type application/timestamp\-reply, which is written to a file without any interpretation. .SH "OPTIONS" .IX Header "OPTIONS" .IP "\fB\-h\fR server_url" 4 .IX Item "-h server_url" The \s-1URL\s0 of the \s-1HTTP/HTTPS\s0 server listening for time stamp requests. .IP "\fB\-e\fR extension" 4 .IX Item "-e extension" If the \fB\-o\fR option is not given this argument specifies the extension of the output files. The base name of the output file will be the same as those of the input files. Default extension is '.tsr'. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-o\fR output" 4 .IX Item "-o output" This option can be specified only when just one request is sent to the server. The time stamp response will be written to the given output file. '\-' means standard output. In case of multiple time stamp requests or the absence of this argument the names of the output files will be derived from the names of the input files and the default or specified extension argument. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 .IX Item "-v" The name of the currently processed request is printed on standard error. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4 .IX Item "-d" Switches on verbose mode for the underlying \fBcurl\fR library. You can see detailed debug messages for the connection. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-k\fR private_key.pem" 4 .IX Item "-k private_key.pem" (\s-1HTTPS\s0) In case of certificate-based client authentication over \s-1HTTPS\s0 must contain the private key of the user. The private key file can optionally be protected by a passphrase. The \fB\-c\fR option must also be specified. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-p\fR key_password" 4 .IX Item "-p key_password" (\s-1HTTPS\s0) Specifies the passphrase for the private key specified by the \fB\-k\fR argument. If this option is omitted and the key is passphrase protected \fBtsget\fR will ask for it. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-c\fR client_cert.pem" 4 .IX Item "-c client_cert.pem" (\s-1HTTPS\s0) In case of certificate-based client authentication over \s-1HTTPS\s0 must contain the X.509 certificate of the user. The \fB\-k\fR option must also be specified. If this option is not specified no certificate-based client authentication will take place. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-C\fR CA_certs.pem" 4 .IX Item "-C CA_certs.pem" (\s-1HTTPS\s0) The trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificate store. The certificate chain of the peer's certificate must include one of the \s-1CA\s0 certificates specified in this file. Either option \fB\-C\fR or option \fB\-P\fR must be given in case of \s-1HTTPS. \s0(Optional) .IP "\fB\-P\fR CA_path" 4 .IX Item "-P CA_path" (\s-1HTTPS\s0) The path containing the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates to verify the peer's certificate. The directory must be prepared with the \fBc_rehash\fR OpenSSL utility. Either option \fB\-C\fR or option \fB\-P\fR must be given in case of \&\s-1HTTPS. \s0(Optional) .IP "\fB\-rand\fR file:file..." 4 .IX Item "-rand file:file..." The files containing random data for seeding the random number generator. Multiple files can be specified, the separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for \s-1VMS\s0 and \fB:\fR for all other platforms. (Optional) .IP "\fB\-g\fR EGD_socket" 4 .IX Item "-g EGD_socket" The name of an \s-1EGD\s0 socket to get random data from. (Optional) .IP "[request]..." 4 .IX Item "[request]..." List of files containing \fB\s-1RFC 3161\s0\fR DER-encoded time stamp requests. If no requests are specified only one request will be sent to the server and it will be read from the standard input. (Optional) .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" The \fB\s-1TSGET\s0\fR environment variable can optionally contain default arguments. The content of this variable is added to the list of command line arguments. .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" The examples below presume that \fBfile1.tsq\fR and \fBfile2.tsq\fR contain valid time stamp requests, tsa.opentsa.org listens at port 8080 for \s-1HTTP\s0 requests and at port 8443 for \s-1HTTPS\s0 requests, the \s-1TSA\s0 service is available at the /tsa absolute path. .PP Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq over \s-1HTTP,\s0 output is written to file1.tsr: .PP .Vb 1 \& tsget \-h http://tsa.opentsa.org:8080/tsa file1.tsq .Ve .PP Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq and file2.tsq over \s-1HTTP\s0 showing progress, output is written to file1.reply and file2.reply respectively: .PP .Vb 2 \& tsget \-h http://tsa.opentsa.org:8080/tsa \-v \-e .reply \e \& file1.tsq file2.tsq .Ve .PP Create a time stamp request, write it to file3.tsq, send it to the server and write the response to file3.tsr: .PP .Vb 3 \& openssl ts \-query \-data file3.txt \-cert | tee file3.tsq \e \& | tsget \-h http://tsa.opentsa.org:8080/tsa \e \& \-o file3.tsr .Ve .PP Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq over \s-1HTTPS\s0 without client authentication: .PP .Vb 2 \& tsget \-h https://tsa.opentsa.org:8443/tsa \e \& \-C cacerts.pem file1.tsq .Ve .PP Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq over \s-1HTTPS\s0 with certificate-based client authentication (it will ask for the passphrase if client_key.pem is protected): .PP .Vb 2 \& tsget \-h https://tsa.opentsa.org:8443/tsa \-C cacerts.pem \e \& \-k client_key.pem \-c client_cert.pem file1.tsq .Ve .PP You can shorten the previous command line if you make use of the \fB\s-1TSGET\s0\fR environment variable. The following commands do the same as the previous example: .PP .Vb 4 \& TSGET=\*(Aq\-h https://tsa.opentsa.org:8443/tsa \-C cacerts.pem \e \& \-k client_key.pem \-c client_cert.pem\*(Aq \& export TSGET \& tsget file1.tsq .Ve .SH "AUTHOR" .IX Header "AUTHOR" Zoltan Glozik , OpenTSA project (http://www.opentsa.org) .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIopenssl\fR\|(1), \fIts\fR\|(1), \fIcurl\fR\|(1), \&\fB\s-1RFC 3161\s0\fR PK!6X6Xman5/x509v3_config.5sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "X509V3_CONFIG 5" .TH X509V3_CONFIG 5 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" x509v3_config \- X509 V3 certificate extension configuration format .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" Several of the OpenSSL utilities can add extensions to a certificate or certificate request based on the contents of a configuration file. .PP Typically the application will contain an option to point to an extension section. Each line of the extension section takes the form: .PP .Vb 1 \& extension_name=[critical,] extension_options .Ve .PP If \fBcritical\fR is present then the extension will be critical. .PP The format of \fBextension_options\fR depends on the value of \fBextension_name\fR. .PP There are four main types of extension: \fIstring\fR extensions, \fImulti-valued\fR extensions, \fIraw\fR and \fIarbitrary\fR extensions. .PP String extensions simply have a string which contains either the value itself or how it is obtained. .PP For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& nsComment="This is a Comment" .Ve .PP Multi-valued extensions have a short form and a long form. The short form is a list of names and values: .PP .Vb 1 \& basicConstraints=critical,CA:true,pathlen:1 .Ve .PP The long form allows the values to be placed in a separate section: .PP .Vb 1 \& basicConstraints=critical,@bs_section \& \& [bs_section] \& \& CA=true \& pathlen=1 .Ve .PP Both forms are equivalent. .PP The syntax of raw extensions is governed by the extension code: it can for example contain data in multiple sections. The correct syntax to use is defined by the extension code itself: check out the certificate policies extension for an example. .PP If an extension type is unsupported then the \fIarbitrary\fR extension syntax must be used, see the \s-1ARBITRARY EXTENSIONS\s0 section for more details. .SH "STANDARD EXTENSIONS" .IX Header "STANDARD EXTENSIONS" The following sections describe each supported extension in detail. .SS "Basic Constraints." .IX Subsection "Basic Constraints." This is a multi valued extension which indicates whether a certificate is a \s-1CA\s0 certificate. The first (mandatory) name is \fB\s-1CA\s0\fR followed by \fB\s-1TRUE\s0\fR or \&\fB\s-1FALSE\s0\fR. If \fB\s-1CA\s0\fR is \fB\s-1TRUE\s0\fR then an optional \fBpathlen\fR name followed by an non-negative value can be included. .PP For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& basicConstraints=CA:TRUE \& \& basicConstraints=CA:FALSE \& \& basicConstraints=critical,CA:TRUE, pathlen:0 .Ve .PP A \s-1CA\s0 certificate \fBmust\fR include the basicConstraints value with the \s-1CA\s0 field set to \s-1TRUE.\s0 An end user certificate must either set \s-1CA\s0 to \s-1FALSE\s0 or exclude the extension entirely. Some software may require the inclusion of basicConstraints with \s-1CA\s0 set to \s-1FALSE\s0 for end entity certificates. .PP The pathlen parameter indicates the maximum number of CAs that can appear below this one in a chain. So if you have a \s-1CA\s0 with a pathlen of zero it can only be used to sign end user certificates and not further CAs. .SS "Key Usage." .IX Subsection "Key Usage." Key usage is a multi valued extension consisting of a list of names of the permitted key usages. .PP The supporte names are: digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment, keyAgreement, keyCertSign, cRLSign, encipherOnly and decipherOnly. .PP Examples: .PP .Vb 1 \& keyUsage=digitalSignature, nonRepudiation \& \& keyUsage=critical, keyCertSign .Ve .SS "Extended Key Usage." .IX Subsection "Extended Key Usage." This extensions consists of a list of usages indicating purposes for which the certificate public key can be used for, .PP These can either be object short names or the dotted numerical form of OIDs. While any \s-1OID\s0 can be used only certain values make sense. In particular the following \s-1PKIX, NS\s0 and \s-1MS\s0 values are meaningful: .PP .Vb 10 \& Value Meaning \& \-\-\-\-\- \-\-\-\-\-\-\- \& serverAuth SSL/TLS Web Server Authentication. \& clientAuth SSL/TLS Web Client Authentication. \& codeSigning Code signing. \& emailProtection E\-mail Protection (S/MIME). \& timeStamping Trusted Timestamping \& msCodeInd Microsoft Individual Code Signing (authenticode) \& msCodeCom Microsoft Commercial Code Signing (authenticode) \& msCTLSign Microsoft Trust List Signing \& msSGC Microsoft Server Gated Crypto \& msEFS Microsoft Encrypted File System \& nsSGC Netscape Server Gated Crypto .Ve .PP Examples: .PP .Vb 2 \& extendedKeyUsage=critical,codeSigning,1.2.3.4 \& extendedKeyUsage=nsSGC,msSGC .Ve .SS "Subject Key Identifier." .IX Subsection "Subject Key Identifier." This is really a string extension and can take two possible values. Either the word \fBhash\fR which will automatically follow the guidelines in \s-1RFC3280\s0 or a hex string giving the extension value to include. The use of the hex string is strongly discouraged. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& subjectKeyIdentifier=hash .Ve .SS "Authority Key Identifier." .IX Subsection "Authority Key Identifier." The authority key identifier extension permits two options. keyid and issuer: both can take the optional value \*(L"always\*(R". .PP If the keyid option is present an attempt is made to copy the subject key identifier from the parent certificate. If the value \*(L"always\*(R" is present then an error is returned if the option fails. .PP The issuer option copies the issuer and serial number from the issuer certificate. This will only be done if the keyid option fails or is not included unless the \*(L"always\*(R" flag will always include the value. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer .Ve .SS "Subject Alternative Name." .IX Subsection "Subject Alternative Name." The subject alternative name extension allows various literal values to be included in the configuration file. These include \fBemail\fR (an email address) \&\fB\s-1URI\s0\fR a uniform resource indicator, \fB\s-1DNS\s0\fR (a \s-1DNS\s0 domain name), \fB\s-1RID\s0\fR (a registered \s-1ID: OBJECT IDENTIFIER\s0), \fB\s-1IP\s0\fR (an \s-1IP\s0 address), \fBdirName\fR (a distinguished name) and otherName. .PP The email option include a special 'copy' value. This will automatically include and email addresses contained in the certificate subject name in the extension. .PP The \s-1IP\s0 address used in the \fB\s-1IP\s0\fR options can be in either IPv4 or IPv6 format. .PP The value of \fBdirName\fR should point to a section containing the distinguished name to use as a set of name value pairs. Multi values AVAs can be formed by prefacing the name with a \fB+\fR character. .PP otherName can include arbitrary data associated with an \s-1OID:\s0 the value should be the \s-1OID\s0 followed by a semicolon and the content in standard \&\fIASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3) format. .PP Examples: .PP .Vb 5 \& subjectAltName=email:copy,email:my@other.address,URI:http://my.url.here/ \& subjectAltName=IP:192.168.7.1 \& subjectAltName=IP:13::17 \& subjectAltName=email:my@other.address,RID:1.2.3.4 \& subjectAltName=otherName:1.2.3.4;UTF8:some other identifier \& \& subjectAltName=dirName:dir_sect \& \& [dir_sect] \& C=UK \& O=My Organization \& OU=My Unit \& CN=My Name .Ve .SS "Issuer Alternative Name." .IX Subsection "Issuer Alternative Name." The issuer alternative name option supports all the literal options of subject alternative name. It does \fBnot\fR support the email:copy option because that would not make sense. It does support an additional issuer:copy option that will copy all the subject alternative name values from the issuer certificate (if possible). .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& issuserAltName = issuer:copy .Ve .SS "Authority Info Access." .IX Subsection "Authority Info Access." The authority information access extension gives details about how to access certain information relating to the \s-1CA.\s0 Its syntax is accessOID;location where \fIlocation\fR has the same syntax as subject alternative name (except that email:copy is not supported). accessOID can be any valid \s-1OID\s0 but only certain values are meaningful, for example \s-1OCSP\s0 and caIssuers. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 2 \& authorityInfoAccess = OCSP;URI:http://ocsp.my.host/ \& authorityInfoAccess = caIssuers;URI:http://my.ca/ca.html .Ve .SS "\s-1CRL\s0 distribution points." .IX Subsection "CRL distribution points." This is a multi-valued extension whose options can be either in name:value pair using the same form as subject alternative name or a single value representing a section name containing all the distribution point fields. .PP For a name:value pair a new DistributionPoint with the fullName field set to the given value both the cRLissuer and reasons fields are omitted in this case. .PP In the single option case the section indicated contains values for each field. In this section: .PP If the name is \*(L"fullname\*(R" the value field should contain the full name of the distribution point in the same format as subject alternative name. .PP If the name is \*(L"relativename\*(R" then the value field should contain a section name whose contents represent a \s-1DN\s0 fragment to be placed in this field. .PP The name \*(L"CRLIssuer\*(R" if present should contain a value for this field in subject alternative name format. .PP If the name is \*(L"reasons\*(R" the value field should consist of a comma separated field containing the reasons. Valid reasons are: \*(L"keyCompromise\*(R", \&\*(L"CACompromise\*(R", \*(L"affiliationChanged\*(R", \*(L"superseded\*(R", \*(L"cessationOfOperation\*(R", \&\*(L"certificateHold\*(R", \*(L"privilegeWithdrawn\*(R" and \*(L"AACompromise\*(R". .PP Simple examples: .PP .Vb 2 \& crlDistributionPoints=URI:http://myhost.com/myca.crl \& crlDistributionPoints=URI:http://my.com/my.crl,URI:http://oth.com/my.crl .Ve .PP Full distribution point example: .PP .Vb 1 \& crlDistributionPoints=crldp1_section \& \& [crldp1_section] \& \& fullname=URI:http://myhost.com/myca.crl \& CRLissuer=dirName:issuer_sect \& reasons=keyCompromise, CACompromise \& \& [issuer_sect] \& C=UK \& O=Organisation \& CN=Some Name .Ve .SS "Issuing Distribution Point" .IX Subsection "Issuing Distribution Point" This extension should only appear in CRLs. It is a multi valued extension whose syntax is similar to the \*(L"section\*(R" pointed to by the \s-1CRL\s0 distribution points extension with a few differences. .PP The names \*(L"reasons\*(R" and \*(L"CRLissuer\*(R" are not recognized. .PP The name \*(L"onlysomereasons\*(R" is accepted which sets this field. The value is in the same format as the \s-1CRL\s0 distribution point \*(L"reasons\*(R" field. .PP The names \*(L"onlyuser\*(R", \*(L"onlyCA\*(R", \*(L"onlyAA\*(R" and \*(L"indirectCRL\*(R" are also accepted the values should be a boolean value (\s-1TRUE\s0 or \s-1FALSE\s0) to indicate the value of the corresponding field. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& issuingDistributionPoint=critical, @idp_section \& \& [idp_section] \& \& fullname=URI:http://myhost.com/myca.crl \& indirectCRL=TRUE \& onlysomereasons=keyCompromise, CACompromise \& \& [issuer_sect] \& C=UK \& O=Organisation \& CN=Some Name .Ve .SS "Certificate Policies." .IX Subsection "Certificate Policies." This is a \fIraw\fR extension. All the fields of this extension can be set by using the appropriate syntax. .PP If you follow the \s-1PKIX\s0 recommendations and just using one \s-1OID\s0 then you just include the value of that \s-1OID.\s0 Multiple OIDs can be set separated by commas, for example: .PP .Vb 1 \& certificatePolicies= 1.2.4.5, 1.1.3.4 .Ve .PP If you wish to include qualifiers then the policy \s-1OID\s0 and qualifiers need to be specified in a separate section: this is done by using the \f(CW@section\fR syntax instead of a literal \s-1OID\s0 value. .PP The section referred to must include the policy \s-1OID\s0 using the name policyIdentifier, cPSuri qualifiers can be included using the syntax: .PP .Vb 1 \& CPS.nnn=value .Ve .PP userNotice qualifiers can be set using the syntax: .PP .Vb 1 \& userNotice.nnn=@notice .Ve .PP The value of the userNotice qualifier is specified in the relevant section. This section can include explicitText, organization and noticeNumbers options. explicitText and organization are text strings, noticeNumbers is a comma separated list of numbers. The organization and noticeNumbers options (if included) must \s-1BOTH\s0 be present. If you use the userNotice option with \s-1IE5\s0 then you need the 'ia5org' option at the top level to modify the encoding: otherwise it will not be interpreted properly. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& certificatePolicies=ia5org,1.2.3.4,1.5.6.7.8,@polsect \& \& [polsect] \& \& policyIdentifier = 1.3.5.8 \& CPS.1="http://my.host.name/" \& CPS.2="http://my.your.name/" \& userNotice.1=@notice \& \& [notice] \& \& explicitText="Explicit Text Here" \& organization="Organisation Name" \& noticeNumbers=1,2,3,4 .Ve .PP The \fBia5org\fR option changes the type of the \fIorganization\fR field. In \s-1RFC2459\s0 it can only be of type DisplayText. In \s-1RFC3280\s0 IA5Strring is also permissible. Some software (for example some versions of \s-1MSIE\s0) may require ia5org. .SS "Policy Constraints" .IX Subsection "Policy Constraints" This is a multi-valued extension which consisting of the names \&\fBrequireExplicitPolicy\fR or \fBinhibitPolicyMapping\fR and a non negative intger value. At least one component must be present. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& policyConstraints = requireExplicitPolicy:3 .Ve .SS "Inhibit Any Policy" .IX Subsection "Inhibit Any Policy" This is a string extension whose value must be a non negative integer. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& inhibitAnyPolicy = 2 .Ve .SS "Name Constraints" .IX Subsection "Name Constraints" The name constraints extension is a multi-valued extension. The name should begin with the word \fBpermitted\fR or \fBexcluded\fR followed by a \fB;\fR. The rest of the name and the value follows the syntax of subjectAltName except email:copy is not supported and the \fB\s-1IP\s0\fR form should consist of an \s-1IP\s0 addresses and subnet mask separated by a \fB/\fR. .PP Examples: .PP .Vb 1 \& nameConstraints=permitted;IP:192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0 \& \& nameConstraints=permitted;email:.somedomain.com \& \& nameConstraints=excluded;email:.com .Ve .SS "\s-1OCSP\s0 No Check" .IX Subsection "OCSP No Check" The \s-1OCSP\s0 No Check extension is a string extension but its value is ignored. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& noCheck = ignored .Ve .SH "DEPRECATED EXTENSIONS" .IX Header "DEPRECATED EXTENSIONS" The following extensions are non standard, Netscape specific and largely obsolete. Their use in new applications is discouraged. .SS "Netscape String extensions." .IX Subsection "Netscape String extensions." Netscape Comment (\fBnsComment\fR) is a string extension containing a comment which will be displayed when the certificate is viewed in some browsers. .PP Example: .PP .Vb 1 \& nsComment = "Some Random Comment" .Ve .PP Other supported extensions in this category are: \fBnsBaseUrl\fR, \&\fBnsRevocationUrl\fR, \fBnsCaRevocationUrl\fR, \fBnsRenewalUrl\fR, \fBnsCaPolicyUrl\fR and \fBnsSslServerName\fR. .SS "Netscape Certificate Type" .IX Subsection "Netscape Certificate Type" This is a multi-valued extensions which consists of a list of flags to be included. It was used to indicate the purposes for which a certificate could be used. The basicConstraints, keyUsage and extended key usage extensions are now used instead. .PP Acceptable values for nsCertType are: \fBclient\fR, \fBserver\fR, \fBemail\fR, \&\fBobjsign\fR, \fBreserved\fR, \fBsslCA\fR, \fBemailCA\fR, \fBobjCA\fR. .SH "ARBITRARY EXTENSIONS" .IX Header "ARBITRARY EXTENSIONS" If an extension is not supported by the OpenSSL code then it must be encoded using the arbitrary extension format. It is also possible to use the arbitrary format for supported extensions. Extreme care should be taken to ensure that the data is formatted correctly for the given extension type. .PP There are two ways to encode arbitrary extensions. .PP The first way is to use the word \s-1ASN1\s0 followed by the extension content using the same syntax as \fIASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3). For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& 1.2.3.4=critical,ASN1:UTF8String:Some random data \& \& 1.2.3.4=ASN1:SEQUENCE:seq_sect \& \& [seq_sect] \& \& field1 = UTF8:field1 \& field2 = UTF8:field2 .Ve .PP It is also possible to use the word \s-1DER\s0 to include the raw encoded data in any extension. .PP .Vb 2 \& 1.2.3.4=critical,DER:01:02:03:04 \& 1.2.3.4=DER:01020304 .Ve .PP The value following \s-1DER\s0 is a hex dump of the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of the extension Any extension can be placed in this form to override the default behaviour. For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& basicConstraints=critical,DER:00:01:02:03 .Ve .SH "WARNING" .IX Header "WARNING" There is no guarantee that a specific implementation will process a given extension. It may therefore be sometimes possible to use certificates for purposes prohibited by their extensions because a specific application does not recognize or honour the values of the relevant extensions. .PP The \s-1DER\s0 and \s-1ASN1\s0 options should be used with caution. It is possible to create totally invalid extensions if they are not used carefully. .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" If an extension is multi-value and a field value must contain a comma the long form must be used otherwise the comma would be misinterpreted as a field separator. For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& subjectAltName=URI:ldap://somehost.com/CN=foo,OU=bar .Ve .PP will produce an error but the equivalent form: .PP .Vb 1 \& subjectAltName=@subject_alt_section \& \& [subject_alt_section] \& subjectAltName=URI:ldap://somehost.com/CN=foo,OU=bar .Ve .PP is valid. .PP Due to the behaviour of the OpenSSL \fBconf\fR library the same field name can only occur once in a section. This means that: .PP .Vb 1 \& subjectAltName=@alt_section \& \& [alt_section] \& \& email=steve@here \& email=steve@there .Ve .PP will only recognize the last value. This can be worked around by using the form: .PP .Vb 1 \& [alt_section] \& \& email.1=steve@here \& email.2=steve@there .Ve .SH "HISTORY" .IX Header "HISTORY" The X509v3 extension code was first added to OpenSSL 0.9.2. .PP Policy mappings, inhibit any policy and name constraints support was added in OpenSSL 0.9.8 .PP The \fBdirectoryName\fR and \fBotherName\fR option as well as the \fB\s-1ASN1\s0\fR option for arbitrary extensions was added in OpenSSL 0.9.8 .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1), \fIx509\fR\|(1), \&\fIASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3) PK!ICICman5/config.5sslnu[.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.27 (Pod::Simple 3.28) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{ . if \nF \{ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "CONFIG 5" .TH CONFIG 5 "2017-01-26" "1.0.2k" "OpenSSL" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" config \- OpenSSL CONF library configuration files .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" The OpenSSL \s-1CONF\s0 library can be used to read configuration files. It is used for the OpenSSL master configuration file \fBopenssl.cnf\fR and in a few other places like \fB\s-1SPKAC\s0\fR files and certificate extension files for the \fBx509\fR utility. OpenSSL applications can also use the \&\s-1CONF\s0 library for their own purposes. .PP A configuration file is divided into a number of sections. Each section starts with a line \fB[ section_name ]\fR and ends when a new section is started or end of file is reached. A section name can consist of alphanumeric characters and underscores. .PP The first section of a configuration file is special and is referred to as the \fBdefault\fR section this is usually unnamed and is from the start of file until the first named section. When a name is being looked up it is first looked up in a named section (if any) and then the default section. .PP The environment is mapped onto a section called \fB\s-1ENV\s0\fR. .PP Comments can be included by preceding them with the \fB#\fR character .PP Each section in a configuration file consists of a number of name and value pairs of the form \fBname=value\fR .PP The \fBname\fR string can contain any alphanumeric characters as well as a few punctuation symbols such as \fB.\fR \fB,\fR \fB;\fR and \fB_\fR. .PP The \fBvalue\fR string consists of the string following the \fB=\fR character until end of line with any leading and trailing white space removed. .PP The value string undergoes variable expansion. This can be done by including the form \fB\f(CB$var\fB\fR or \fB${var}\fR: this will substitute the value of the named variable in the current section. It is also possible to substitute a value from another section using the syntax \fB\f(CB$section::name\fB\fR or \fB${section::name}\fR. By using the form \fB\f(CB$ENV::name\fB\fR environment variables can be substituted. It is also possible to assign values to environment variables by using the name \fBENV::name\fR, this will work if the program looks up environment variables using the \fB\s-1CONF\s0\fR library instead of calling \fB\f(BIgetenv()\fB\fR directly. .PP It is possible to escape certain characters by using any kind of quote or the \fB\e\fR character. By making the last character of a line a \fB\e\fR a \fBvalue\fR string can be spread across multiple lines. In addition the sequences \fB\en\fR, \fB\er\fR, \fB\eb\fR and \fB\et\fR are recognized. .SH "OPENSSL LIBRARY CONFIGURATION" .IX Header "OPENSSL LIBRARY CONFIGURATION" In OpenSSL 0.9.7 and later applications can automatically configure certain aspects of OpenSSL using the master OpenSSL configuration file, or optionally an alternative configuration file. The \fBopenssl\fR utility includes this functionality: any sub command uses the master OpenSSL configuration file unless an option is used in the sub command to use an alternative configuration file. .PP To enable library configuration the default section needs to contain an appropriate line which points to the main configuration section. The default name is \fBopenssl_conf\fR which is used by the \fBopenssl\fR utility. Other applications may use an alternative name such as \fBmyapplicaton_conf\fR. .PP The configuration section should consist of a set of name value pairs which contain specific module configuration information. The \fBname\fR represents the name of the \fIconfiguration module\fR the meaning of the \fBvalue\fR is module specific: it may, for example, represent a further configuration section containing configuration module specific information. E.g. .PP .Vb 1 \& openssl_conf = openssl_init \& \& [openssl_init] \& \& oid_section = new_oids \& engines = engine_section \& \& [new_oids] \& \& ... new oids here ... \& \& [engine_section] \& \& ... engine stuff here ... .Ve .PP The features of each configuration module are described below. .SS "\s-1ASN1 OBJECT CONFIGURATION MODULE\s0" .IX Subsection "ASN1 OBJECT CONFIGURATION MODULE" This module has the name \fBoid_section\fR. The value of this variable points to a section containing name value pairs of OIDs: the name is the \s-1OID\s0 short and long name, the value is the numerical form of the \s-1OID.\s0 Although some of the \fBopenssl\fR utility sub commands already have their own \s-1ASN1 OBJECT\s0 section functionality not all do. By using the \s-1ASN1 OBJECT\s0 configuration module \&\fBall\fR the \fBopenssl\fR utility sub commands can see the new objects as well as any compliant applications. For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& [new_oids] \& \& some_new_oid = 1.2.3.4 \& some_other_oid = 1.2.3.5 .Ve .PP In OpenSSL 0.9.8 it is also possible to set the value to the long name followed by a comma and the numerical \s-1OID\s0 form. For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& shortName = some object long name, 1.2.3.4 .Ve .SS "\s-1ENGINE CONFIGURATION MODULE\s0" .IX Subsection "ENGINE CONFIGURATION MODULE" This \s-1ENGINE\s0 configuration module has the name \fBengines\fR. The value of this variable points to a section containing further \s-1ENGINE\s0 configuration information. .PP The section pointed to by \fBengines\fR is a table of engine names (though see \&\fBengine_id\fR below) and further sections containing configuration information specific to each \s-1ENGINE.\s0 .PP Each \s-1ENGINE\s0 specific section is used to set default algorithms, load dynamic, perform initialization and send ctrls. The actual operation performed depends on the \fIcommand\fR name which is the name of the name value pair. The currently supported commands are listed below. .PP For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& [engine_section] \& \& # Configure ENGINE named "foo" \& foo = foo_section \& # Configure ENGINE named "bar" \& bar = bar_section \& \& [foo_section] \& ... foo ENGINE specific commands ... \& \& [bar_section] \& ... "bar" ENGINE specific commands ... .Ve .PP The command \fBengine_id\fR is used to give the \s-1ENGINE\s0 name. If used this command must be first. For example: .PP .Vb 3 \& [engine_section] \& # This would normally handle an ENGINE named "foo" \& foo = foo_section \& \& [foo_section] \& # Override default name and use "myfoo" instead. \& engine_id = myfoo .Ve .PP The command \fBdynamic_path\fR loads and adds an \s-1ENGINE\s0 from the given path. It is equivalent to sending the ctrls \fB\s-1SO_PATH\s0\fR with the path argument followed by \fB\s-1LIST_ADD\s0\fR with value 2 and \fB\s-1LOAD\s0\fR to the dynamic \s-1ENGINE.\s0 If this is not the required behaviour then alternative ctrls can be sent directly to the dynamic \s-1ENGINE\s0 using ctrl commands. .PP The command \fBinit\fR determines whether to initialize the \s-1ENGINE.\s0 If the value is \fB0\fR the \s-1ENGINE\s0 will not be initialized, if \fB1\fR and attempt it made to initialized the \s-1ENGINE\s0 immediately. If the \fBinit\fR command is not present then an attempt will be made to initialize the \s-1ENGINE\s0 after all commands in its section have been processed. .PP The command \fBdefault_algorithms\fR sets the default algorithms an \s-1ENGINE\s0 will supply using the functions \fB\f(BIENGINE_set_default_string()\fB\fR .PP If the name matches none of the above command names it is assumed to be a ctrl command which is sent to the \s-1ENGINE.\s0 The value of the command is the argument to the ctrl command. If the value is the string \fB\s-1EMPTY\s0\fR then no value is sent to the command. .PP For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& [engine_section] \& \& # Configure ENGINE named "foo" \& foo = foo_section \& \& [foo_section] \& # Load engine from DSO \& dynamic_path = /some/path/fooengine.so \& # A foo specific ctrl. \& some_ctrl = some_value \& # Another ctrl that doesn\*(Aqt take a value. \& other_ctrl = EMPTY \& # Supply all default algorithms \& default_algorithms = ALL .Ve .SS "\s-1EVP CONFIGURATION MODULE\s0" .IX Subsection "EVP CONFIGURATION MODULE" This modules has the name \fBalg_section\fR which points to a section containing algorithm commands. .PP Currently the only algorithm command supported is \fBfips_mode\fR whose value should be a boolean string such as \fBon\fR or \fBoff\fR. If the value is \&\fBon\fR this attempt to enter \s-1FIPS\s0 mode. If the call fails or the library is not \s-1FIPS\s0 capable then an error occurs. .PP For example: .PP .Vb 1 \& alg_section = evp_settings \& \& [evp_settings] \& \& fips_mode = on .Ve .SH "NOTES" .IX Header "NOTES" If a configuration file attempts to expand a variable that doesn't exist then an error is flagged and the file will not load. This can happen if an attempt is made to expand an environment variable that doesn't exist. For example in a previous version of OpenSSL the default OpenSSL master configuration file used the value of \fB\s-1HOME\s0\fR which may not be defined on non Unix systems and would cause an error. .PP This can be worked around by including a \fBdefault\fR section to provide a default value: then if the environment lookup fails the default value will be used instead. For this to work properly the default value must be defined earlier in the configuration file than the expansion. See the \fB\s-1EXAMPLES\s0\fR section for an example of how to do this. .PP If the same variable exists in the same section then all but the last value will be silently ignored. In certain circumstances such as with DNs the same field may occur multiple times. This is usually worked around by ignoring any characters before an initial \fB.\fR e.g. .PP .Vb 2 \& 1.OU="My first OU" \& 2.OU="My Second OU" .Ve .SH "EXAMPLES" .IX Header "EXAMPLES" Here is a sample configuration file using some of the features mentioned above. .PP .Vb 1 \& # This is the default section. \& \& HOME=/temp \& RANDFILE= ${ENV::HOME}/.rnd \& configdir=$ENV::HOME/config \& \& [ section_one ] \& \& # We are now in section one. \& \& # Quotes permit leading and trailing whitespace \& any = " any variable name " \& \& other = A string that can \e \& cover several lines \e \& by including \e\e characters \& \& message = Hello World\en \& \& [ section_two ] \& \& greeting = $section_one::message .Ve .PP This next example shows how to expand environment variables safely. .PP Suppose you want a variable called \fBtmpfile\fR to refer to a temporary filename. The directory it is placed in can determined by the the \fB\s-1TEMP\s0\fR or \fB\s-1TMP\s0\fR environment variables but they may not be set to any value at all. If you just include the environment variable names and the variable doesn't exist then this will cause an error when an attempt is made to load the configuration file. By making use of the default section both values can be looked up with \fB\s-1TEMP\s0\fR taking priority and \fB/tmp\fR used if neither is defined: .PP .Vb 5 \& TMP=/tmp \& # The above value is used if TMP isn\*(Aqt in the environment \& TEMP=$ENV::TMP \& # The above value is used if TEMP isn\*(Aqt in the environment \& tmpfile=${ENV::TEMP}/tmp.filename .Ve .PP Simple OpenSSL library configuration example to enter \s-1FIPS\s0 mode: .PP .Vb 3 \& # Default appname: should match "appname" parameter (if any) \& # supplied to CONF_modules_load_file et al. \& openssl_conf = openssl_conf_section \& \& [openssl_conf_section] \& # Configuration module list \& alg_section = evp_sect \& \& [evp_sect] \& # Set to "yes" to enter FIPS mode if supported \& fips_mode = yes .Ve .PP Note: in the above example you will get an error in non \s-1FIPS\s0 capable versions of OpenSSL. .PP More complex OpenSSL library configuration. Add \s-1OID\s0 and don't enter \s-1FIPS\s0 mode: .PP .Vb 3 \& # Default appname: should match "appname" parameter (if any) \& # supplied to CONF_modules_load_file et al. \& openssl_conf = openssl_conf_section \& \& [openssl_conf_section] \& # Configuration module list \& alg_section = evp_sect \& oid_section = new_oids \& \& [evp_sect] \& # This will have no effect as FIPS mode is off by default. \& # Set to "yes" to enter FIPS mode, if supported \& fips_mode = no \& \& [new_oids] \& # New OID, just short name \& newoid1 = 1.2.3.4.1 \& # New OID shortname and long name \& newoid2 = New OID 2 long name, 1.2.3.4.2 .Ve .PP The above examples can be used with with any application supporting library configuration if \*(L"openssl_conf\*(R" is modified to match the appropriate \*(L"appname\*(R". .PP For example if the second sample file above is saved to \*(L"example.cnf\*(R" then the command line: .PP .Vb 1 \& OPENSSL_CONF=example.cnf openssl asn1parse \-genstr OID:1.2.3.4.1 .Ve .PP will output: .PP .Vb 1 \& 0:d=0 hl=2 l= 4 prim: OBJECT :newoid1 .Ve .PP showing that the \s-1OID \s0\*(L"newoid1\*(R" has been added as \*(L"1.2.3.4.1\*(R". .SH "BUGS" .IX Header "BUGS" Currently there is no way to include characters using the octal \fB\ennn\fR form. Strings are all null terminated so nulls cannot form part of the value. .PP The escaping isn't quite right: if you want to use sequences like \fB\en\fR you can't use any quote escaping on the same line. .PP Files are loaded in a single pass. This means that an variable expansion will only work if the variables referenced are defined earlier in the file. .SH "SEE ALSO" .IX Header "SEE ALSO" \&\fIx509\fR\|(1), \fIreq\fR\|(1), \fIca\fR\|(1) PK!𙅮l4l4man1/python3.5.1nu[.TH PYTHON "1" .\" To view this file while editing, run it through groff: .\" groff -Tascii -man python.man | less .SH NAME python \- an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language .SH SYNOPSIS .B python [ .B \-B ] [ .B \-b ] [ .B \-d ] [ .B \-E ] [ .B \-h ] [ .B \-i ] [ .B \-I ] .br [ .B \-m .I module-name ] [ .B \-q ] [ .B \-O ] [ .B \-OO ] [ .B \-s ] [ .B \-S ] [ .B \-u ] .br [ .B \-v ] [ .B \-V ] [ .B \-W .I argument ] [ .B \-x ] [ [ .B \-X .I option ] .B \-? ] .br [ .B \-c .I command | .I script | \- ] [ .I arguments ] .SH DESCRIPTION Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. For an introduction to programming in Python, see the Python Tutorial. The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types, constants, functions and modules. Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail. (These documents may be located via the .B "INTERNET RESOURCES" below; they may be installed on your system as well.) .PP Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C or C++. On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded. Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing applications. See the internal documentation for hints. .PP Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be viewed by running the .B pydoc program. .SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS .TP .B \-B Don't write .I .pyc files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE. .TP .B \-b Issue warnings about str(bytes_instance), str(bytearray_instance) and comparing bytes/bytearray with str. (-bb: issue errors) .TP .BI "\-c " command Specify the command to execute (see next section). This terminates the option list (following options are passed as arguments to the command). .TP .B \-d Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation options). .TP .B \-E Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify the behavior of the interpreter. .TP .B \-h ", " \-? ", "\-\-help Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits. .TP .B \-i When a script is passed as first argument or the \fB\-c\fP option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception. .TP .B \-I Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies \fB\-E\fP and \fB\-s\fP. In isolated mode sys.path contains neither the script's directory nor the user's site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too. Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent the user from injecting malicious code. .TP .BI "\-m " module-name Searches .I sys.path for the named module and runs the corresponding .I .py file as a script. .TP .B \-O Turn on basic optimizations. Given twice, causes docstrings to be discarded. .TP .B \-OO Discard docstrings in addition to the \fB-O\fP optimizations. .TP .B \-q Do not print the version and copyright messages. These messages are also suppressed in non-interactive mode. .TP .B \-s Don't add user site directory to sys.path. .TP .B \-S Disable the import of the module .I site and the site-dependent manipulations of .I sys.path that it entails. Also disable these manipulations if .I site is explicitly imported later. .TP .B \-u Force the binary I/O layers of stdout and stderr to be unbuffered. stdin is always buffered. The text I/O layer will still be line-buffered. .\" Note that there is internal buffering in readlines() and .\" file-object iterators ("for line in sys.stdin") which is not .\" influenced by this option. To work around this, you will want to use .\" "sys.stdin.readline()" inside a "while 1:" loop. .TP .B \-v Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit. .TP .B \-V ", " \-\-version Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits. .TP .BI "\-W " argument Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to .IR sys.stderr . A typical warning message has the following form: .IB file ":" line ": " category ": " message. By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed. Multiple .B \-W options may be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid .B \-W options are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be controlled from within a Python program using the .I warnings module. The simplest form of .I argument is one of the following .I action strings (or a unique abbreviation): .B ignore to ignore all warnings; .B default to explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once per source line); .B all to print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source line, such as inside a loop); .B module to print each warning only the first time it occurs in each module; .B once to print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program; or .B error to raise an exception instead of printing a warning message. The full form of .I argument is .IB action : message : category : module : line. Here, .I action is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. The .I message field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is case-insensitive. The .I category field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must be given. The .I module field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive. The .I line field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus equivalent to an omitted line number. .TP .BI "\-X " option Set implementation specific option. .TP .B \-x Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will be off by one! .SH INTERPRETER INTERFACE The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a .I script from that file; when called with .B \-c .IR command , it executes the Python statement(s) given as .IR command . Here .I command may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements! In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed. .PP If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are passed to the script in the Python variable .IR sys.argv , which is a list of strings (you must first .I import sys to be able to access it). If no script name is given, .I sys.argv[0] is an empty string; if .B \-c is used, .I sys.argv[0] contains the string .I '-c'. Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself are not placed in .IR sys.argv . .PP In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt (which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'. The prompts can be changed by assignment to .I sys.ps1 or .IR sys.ps2 . The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt. When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the interpreter exits after printing the stack trace. The interrupt signal raises the .I Keyboard\%Interrupt exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is sometimes ignored, in favor of the .I IOError exception). Error messages are written to stderr. .SH FILES AND DIRECTORIES These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same. The default for both is \fI/usr/local\fP. .IP \fI${exec_prefix}/bin/python\fP Recommended location of the interpreter. .PP .I ${prefix}/lib/python .br .I ${exec_prefix}/lib/python .RS Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard modules. .RE .PP .I ${prefix}/include/python .br .I ${exec_prefix}/include/python .RS Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the interpreter. .RE .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES .IP PYTHONHOME Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python and ${exec_prefix}/lib/python, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to \fI/usr/local\fP. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}. .IP PYTHONPATH Augments the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory pathnames separated by colons. Non-existent directories are silently ignored. The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with ${prefix}/lib/python (see PYTHONHOME above). The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH. If a script argument is given, the directory containing the script is inserted in the path in front of $PYTHONPATH. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the variable .IR sys.path . .IP PYTHONSTARTUP If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts .I sys.ps1 and .I sys.ps2 in this file. .IP PYTHONOPTIMIZE If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-O\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying \fB\-O\fP multiple times. .IP PYTHONDEBUG If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-d\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying \fB\-d\fP multiple times. .IP PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-B\fP option (don't try to write .I .pyc files). .IP PYTHONINSPECT If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-i\fP option. .IP PYTHONIOENCODING If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax .IB encodingname ":" errorhandler The .IB errorhandler part is optional and has the same meaning as in str.encode. For stderr, the .IB errorhandler part is ignored; the handler will always be \'backslashreplace\'. .IP PYTHONNOUSERSITE If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-s\fP option (Don't add the user site directory to sys.path). .IP PYTHONUNBUFFERED If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-u\fP option. .IP PYTHONVERBOSE If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-v\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying \fB\-v\fP multiple times. .IP PYTHONWARNINGS If this is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to specifying the \fB\-W\fP option for each separate value. .IP PYTHONHASHSEED If this variable is set to "random", a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects. If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values. The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the value 0 will disable hash randomization. .SH AUTHOR The Python Software Foundation: https://www.python.org/psf/ .SH INTERNET RESOURCES Main website: https://www.python.org/ .br Documentation: https://docs.python.org/ .br Developer resources: https://docs.python.org/devguide/ .br Downloads: https://www.python.org/downloads/ .br Module repository: https://pypi.python.org/ .br Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce .SH LICENSING Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file "LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms & conditions for accessing and otherwise using Python and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. PK!X__ man3/libxml.3nu[.TH libxml 3 "12 April 2000" .SH NAME libxml \- library used to parse XML files .SH DESCRIPTION The .I libxml library is used to parse XML files. Its internal document representation is as close as possible to the .I DOM (Document Object Model) interface, an API for accessing XML or HTML structured documents. .LP The .I libxml library also has a .IR SAX -like interface, which is designed to be compatible with .IR expat (1). NOTE: .IR SAX , the Simple API for XML, is a standard interface for event-based XML parsing, developed collaboratively by the members of the XML-DEV mailing list, currently hosted by OASIS. The .I expat library is a XML 1.0 parser written in C, which aims to be fully conforming. It is currently not a validating XML processor. .LP The .I libxml library now includes a nearly complete .I XPath implementation. The .I XPath (XML Path Language) is a language for addressing parts of an XML document, designed to be used by both .I XSLT and .IR XPointer . .LP The .I libxml library exports Push and Pull type parser interfaces for both XML and .IR html . .SH FILES .TP 2.2i .B /depot/lib/libxml_2.0.0/libxml.a static library .TP .B /depot/lib/libxml_2.0.0/libxml.so shared library .TP .B /depot/package/libxml_2.0.0/bin/xmllint binary application for parsing XML files .SH AUTHORS Daniel Veillard (daniel@veillard.com). Red Hat Inc. Manual page by Ziying Sherwin (sherwin@nlm.nih.gov), Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, U.S. National Library of Medicine. .SH SEE ALSO .IR xmllint (1), .IR libxslt (3), .IR libexslt (3), .IR xsltproc (1) .\" end of manual page PK!i544man1/xmllint.1nu['\" t .\" Title: xmllint .\" Author: John Fleck .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.78.1 .\" Date: $Date$ .\" Manual: xmllint Manual .\" Source: libxml2 .\" Language: English .\" .TH "XMLLINT" "1" "$Date$" "libxml2" "xmllint Manual" .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * Define some portability stuff .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * set default formatting .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" disable hyphenation .nh .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) .ad l .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .SH "NAME" xmllint \- command line XML tool .SH "SYNOPSIS" .HP \w'\fBxmllint\fR\ 'u \fBxmllint\fR [\fB\-\-version\fR | \fB\-\-debug\fR | \fB\-\-shell\fR | \fB\-\-xpath\ "\fR\fB\fIXPath_expression\fR\fR\fB"\fR | \fB\-\-debugent\fR | \fB\-\-copy\fR | \fB\-\-recover\fR | \fB\-\-noent\fR | \fB\-\-noout\fR | \fB\-\-nonet\fR | \fB\-\-path\ "\fR\fB\fIPATH(S)\fR\fR\fB"\fR | \fB\-\-load\-trace\fR | \fB\-\-htmlout\fR | \fB\-\-nowrap\fR | \fB\-\-valid\fR | \fB\-\-postvalid\fR | \fB\-\-dtdvalid\ \fR\fB\fIURL\fR\fR | \fB\-\-dtdvalidfpi\ \fR\fB\fIFPI\fR\fR | \fB\-\-timing\fR | \fB\-\-output\ \fR\fB\fIFILE\fR\fR | \fB\-\-repeat\fR | \fB\-\-insert\fR | \fB\-\-compress\fR | \fB\-\-html\fR | \fB\-\-xmlout\fR | \fB\-\-push\fR | \fB\-\-memory\fR | \fB\-\-maxmem\ \fR\fB\fINBBYTES\fR\fR | \fB\-\-nowarning\fR | \fB\-\-noblanks\fR | \fB\-\-nocdata\fR | \fB\-\-format\fR | \fB\-\-encode\ \fR\fB\fIENCODING\fR\fR | \fB\-\-dropdtd\fR | \fB\-\-nsclean\fR | \fB\-\-testIO\fR | \fB\-\-catalogs\fR | \fB\-\-nocatalogs\fR | \fB\-\-auto\fR | \fB\-\-xinclude\fR | \fB\-\-noxincludenode\fR | \fB\-\-loaddtd\fR | \fB\-\-dtdattr\fR | \fB\-\-stream\fR | \fB\-\-walker\fR | \fB\-\-pattern\ \fR\fB\fIPATTERNVALUE\fR\fR | \fB\-\-chkregister\fR | \fB\-\-relaxng\ \fR\fB\fISCHEMA\fR\fR | \fB\-\-schema\ \fR\fB\fISCHEMA\fR\fR | \fB\-\-c14n\fR] {\fIXML\-FILE(S)\fR... | \-} .HP \w'\fBxmllint\fR\ 'u \fBxmllint\fR \fB\-\-help\fR .SH "DESCRIPTION" .PP The \fBxmllint\fR program parses one or more XML files, specified on the command line as \fIXML\-FILE\fR (or the standard input if the filename provided is \fB\-\fR )\&. It prints various types of output, depending upon the options selected\&. It is useful for detecting errors both in XML code and in the XML parser itself\&. .PP \fBxmllint\fR is included in \fBlibxml\fR(3)\&. .SH "OPTIONS" .PP \fBxmllint\fR accepts the following options (in alphabetical order): .PP \fB\-\-auto\fR .RS 4 Generate a small document for testing purposes\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-catalogs\fR .RS 4 Use the SGML catalog(s) from \fBSGML_CATALOG_FILES\fR\&. Otherwise XML catalogs starting from /etc/xml/catalog are used by default\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-chkregister\fR .RS 4 Turn on node registration\&. Useful for developers testing \fBlibxml\fR(3) node tracking code\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-compress\fR .RS 4 Turn on \fBgzip\fR(1) compression of output\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-copy\fR .RS 4 Test the internal copy implementation\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-c14n\fR .RS 4 Use the W3C XML Canonicalisation (C14N) to serialize the result of parsing to stdout\&. It keeps comments in the result\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-dtdvalid \fR\fB\fIURL\fR\fR .RS 4 Use the DTD specified by an \fIURL\fR for validation\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-dtdvalidfpi \fR\fB\fIFPI\fR\fR .RS 4 Use the DTD specified by a Formal Public Identifier \fIFPI\fR for validation, note that this will require a catalog exporting that Formal Public Identifier to work\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-debug\fR .RS 4 Parse a file and output an annotated tree of the in\-memory version of the document\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-debugent\fR .RS 4 Debug the entities defined in the document\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-dropdtd\fR .RS 4 Remove DTD from output\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-dtdattr\fR .RS 4 Fetch external DTD and populate the tree with inherited attributes\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-encode \fR\fB\fIENCODING\fR\fR .RS 4 Output in the given encoding\&. Note that this works for full document not fragments or result from XPath queries\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-format\fR .RS 4 Reformat and reindent the output\&. The \fBXMLLINT_INDENT\fR environment variable controls the indentation\&. The default value is two spaces " ")\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-help\fR .RS 4 Print out a short usage summary for \fBxmllint\fR\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-html\fR .RS 4 Use the HTML parser\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-htmlout\fR .RS 4 Output results as an HTML file\&. This causes \fBxmllint\fR to output the necessary HTML tags surrounding the result tree output so the results can be displayed/viewed in a browser\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-insert\fR .RS 4 Test for valid insertions\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-loaddtd\fR .RS 4 Fetch an external DTD\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-load\-trace\fR .RS 4 Display all the documents loaded during the processing to stderr\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-maxmem \fR\fB\fINNBYTES\fR\fR .RS 4 Test the parser memory support\&. \fINNBYTES\fR is the maximum number of bytes the library is allowed to allocate\&. This can also be used to make sure batch processing of XML files will not exhaust the virtual memory of the server running them\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-memory\fR .RS 4 Parse from memory\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-noblanks\fR .RS 4 Drop ignorable blank spaces\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-nocatalogs\fR .RS 4 Do not use any catalogs\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-nocdata\fR .RS 4 Substitute CDATA section by equivalent text nodes\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-noent\fR .RS 4 Substitute entity values for entity references\&. By default, \fBxmllint\fR leaves entity references in place\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-nonet\fR .RS 4 Do not use the Internet to fetch DTDs or entities\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-noout\fR .RS 4 Suppress output\&. By default, \fBxmllint\fR outputs the result tree\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-nowarning\fR .RS 4 Do not emit warnings from the parser and/or validator\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-nowrap\fR .RS 4 Do not output HTML doc wrapper\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-noxincludenode\fR .RS 4 Do XInclude processing but do not generate XInclude start and end nodes\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-nsclean\fR .RS 4 Remove redundant namespace declarations\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-output \fR\fB\fIFILE\fR\fR .RS 4 Define a file path where \fBxmllint\fR will save the result of parsing\&. Usually the programs build a tree and save it on stdout, with this option the result XML instance will be saved onto a file\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-path "\fR\fB\fIPATH(S)\fR\fR\fB"\fR .RS 4 Use the (space\- or colon\-separated) list of filesystem paths specified by \fIPATHS\fR to load DTDs or entities\&. Enclose space\-separated lists by quotation marks\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-pattern \fR\fB\fIPATTERNVALUE\fR\fR .RS 4 Used to exercise the pattern recognition engine, which can be used with the reader interface to the parser\&. It allows to select some nodes in the document based on an XPath (subset) expression\&. Used for debugging\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-postvalid\fR .RS 4 Validate after parsing has completed\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-push\fR .RS 4 Use the push mode of the parser\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-recover\fR .RS 4 Output any parsable portions of an invalid document\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-relaxng \fR\fB\fISCHEMA\fR\fR .RS 4 Use RelaxNG file named \fISCHEMA\fR for validation\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-repeat\fR .RS 4 Repeat 100 times, for timing or profiling\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-schema \fR\fB\fISCHEMA\fR\fR .RS 4 Use a W3C XML Schema file named \fISCHEMA\fR for validation\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-shell\fR .RS 4 Run a navigating shell\&. Details on available commands in shell mode are below (see the section called \(lqSHELL COMMANDS\(rq)\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-xpath "\fR\fB\fIXPath_expression\fR\fR\fB"\fR .RS 4 Run an XPath expression given as argument and print the result\&. In case of a nodeset result, each node in the node set is serialized in full in the output\&. In case of an empty node set the "XPath set is empty" result will be shown and an error exit code will be returned\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-stream\fR .RS 4 Use streaming API \- useful when used in combination with \fB\-\-relaxng\fR or \fB\-\-valid\fR options for validation of files that are too large to be held in memory\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-testIO\fR .RS 4 Test user input/output support\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-timing\fR .RS 4 Output information about the time it takes \fBxmllint\fR to perform the various steps\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-valid\fR .RS 4 Determine if the document is a valid instance of the included Document Type Definition (DTD)\&. A DTD to be validated against also can be specified at the command line using the \fB\-\-dtdvalid\fR option\&. By default, \fBxmllint\fR also checks to determine if the document is well\-formed\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-version\fR .RS 4 Display the version of \fBlibxml\fR(3) used\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-walker\fR .RS 4 Test the walker module, which is a reader interface but for a document tree, instead of using the reader API on an unparsed document it works on an existing in\-memory tree\&. Used for debugging\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-xinclude\fR .RS 4 Do XInclude processing\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-xmlout\fR .RS 4 Used in conjunction with \fB\-\-html\fR\&. Usually when HTML is parsed the document is saved with the HTML serializer\&. But with this option the resulting document is saved with the XML serializer\&. This is primarily used to generate XHTML from HTML input\&. .RE .SH "SHELL COMMANDS" .PP \fBxmllint\fR offers an interactive shell mode invoked with the \fB\-\-shell\fR command\&. Available commands in shell mode include (in alphabetical order): .PP \fBbase\fR .RS 4 Display XML base of the node\&. .RE .PP \fBbye\fR .RS 4 Leave the shell\&. .RE .PP \fBcat \fR\fB\fINODE\fR\fR .RS 4 Display the given node or the current one\&. .RE .PP \fBcd \fR\fB\fIPATH\fR\fR .RS 4 Change the current node to the given path (if unique) or root if no argument is given\&. .RE .PP \fBdir \fR\fB\fIPATH\fR\fR .RS 4 Dumps information about the node (namespace, attributes, content)\&. .RE .PP \fBdu \fR\fB\fIPATH\fR\fR .RS 4 Show the structure of the subtree under the given path or the current node\&. .RE .PP \fBexit\fR .RS 4 Leave the shell\&. .RE .PP \fBhelp\fR .RS 4 Show this help\&. .RE .PP \fBfree\fR .RS 4 Display memory usage\&. .RE .PP \fBload \fR\fB\fIFILENAME\fR\fR .RS 4 Load a new document with the given filename\&. .RE .PP \fBls \fR\fB\fIPATH\fR\fR .RS 4 List contents of the given path or the current directory\&. .RE .PP \fBpwd\fR .RS 4 Display the path to the current node\&. .RE .PP \fBquit\fR .RS 4 Leave the shell\&. .RE .PP \fBsave \fR\fB\fIFILENAME\fR\fR .RS 4 Save the current document to the given filename or to the original name\&. .RE .PP \fBvalidate\fR .RS 4 Check the document for errors\&. .RE .PP \fBwrite \fR\fB\fIFILENAME\fR\fR .RS 4 Write the current node to the given filename\&. .RE .SH "ENVIRONMENT" .PP \fBSGML_CATALOG_FILES\fR .RS 4 SGML catalog behavior can be changed by redirecting queries to the user\*(Aqs own set of catalogs\&. This can be done by setting the \fBSGML_CATALOG_FILES\fR environment variable to a list of catalogs\&. An empty one should deactivate loading the default /etc/sgml/catalog catalog\&. .RE .PP \fBXML_CATALOG_FILES\fR .RS 4 XML catalog behavior can be changed by redirecting queries to the user\*(Aqs own set of catalogs\&. This can be done by setting the \fBXML_CATALOG_FILES\fR environment variable to a list of catalogs\&. An empty one should deactivate loading the default /etc/xml/catalog catalog\&. .RE .PP \fBXML_DEBUG_CATALOG\fR .RS 4 Setting the environment variable \fBXML_DEBUG_CATALOG\fR to \fInon\-zero\fR using the \fBexport\fR command outputs debugging information related to catalog operations\&. .RE .PP \fBXMLLINT_INDENT\fR .RS 4 Setting the environment variable \fBXMLLINT_INDENT\fR controls the indentation\&. The default value is two spaces " "\&. .RE .SH "DIAGNOSTICS" .PP \fBxmllint\fR return codes provide information that can be used when calling it from scripts\&. .PP \fB0\fR .RS 4 No error .RE .PP \fB1\fR .RS 4 Unclassified .RE .PP \fB2\fR .RS 4 Error in DTD .RE .PP \fB3\fR .RS 4 Validation error .RE .PP \fB4\fR .RS 4 Validation error .RE .PP \fB5\fR .RS 4 Error in schema compilation .RE .PP \fB6\fR .RS 4 Error writing output .RE .PP \fB7\fR .RS 4 Error in pattern (generated when \fB\-\-pattern\fR option is used) .RE .PP \fB8\fR .RS 4 Error in Reader registration (generated when \fB\-\-chkregister\fR option is used) .RE .PP \fB9\fR .RS 4 Out of memory error .RE .SH "SEE ALSO" .PP \fBlibxml\fR(3) .PP More information can be found at .sp .RS 4 .ie n \{\ \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c .\} .el \{\ .sp -1 .IP \(bu 2.3 .\} \fBlibxml\fR(3) web page \m[blue]\fB\%http://www.xmlsoft.org/\fR\m[] .RE .sp .RS 4 .ie n \{\ \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c .\} .el \{\ .sp -1 .IP \(bu 2.3 .\} W3C XSLT page \m[blue]\fB\%http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt\fR\m[] .RE .sp .SH "AUTHORS" .PP \fBJohn Fleck\fR <\&jfleck@inkstain\&.net\&> .RS 4 Author. .RE .PP \fBZiying Sherwin\fR <\&sherwin@nlm\&.nih\&.gov\&> .RS 4 Author. .RE .PP \fBHeiko Rupp\fR <\&hwr@pilhuhn\&.de\&> .RS 4 Author. .RE .SH "COPYRIGHT" .br Copyright \(co 2001, 2004 .br PK!U։ man1/xmlcatalog.1nu['\" t .\" Title: xmlcatalog .\" Author: John Fleck .\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot .\" Date: $Date$ .\" Manual: xmlcatalog Manual .\" Source: libxml2 .\" Language: English .\" .TH "XMLCATALOG" "1" "$Date$" "libxml2" "xmlcatalog Manual" .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * Define some portability stuff .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 .\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html .\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * set default formatting .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" disable hyphenation .nh .\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) .ad l .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * .\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- .SH "NAME" xmlcatalog \- Command line tool to parse and manipulate XML or SGML catalog files\&. .SH "SYNOPSIS" .HP \w'\fBxmlcatalog\fR\ 'u \fBxmlcatalog\fR [\fB\-\-sgml\fR | \fB\-\-shell\fR | \fB\-\-create\fR | \fB\-\-del\ \fR\fB\fIVALUE(S)\fR\fR | [\ \fB\-\-add\ \fR\fB\fITYPE\fR\fR\fB\ \fR\fB\fIORIG\fR\fR\fB\ \fR\fB\fIREPLACE\fR\fR\fB\ \fR\ |\ \fB\-\-add\ \fR\fB\fIFILENAME\fR\fR] | \fB\-\-noout\fR | \fB\-\-no\-super\-update\fR | [\fB\-v\fR\ |\ \fB\-\-verbose\fR]] {\fICATALOGFILE\fR} {\fIENTITIES\fR...} .SH "DESCRIPTION" .PP \fBxmlcatalog\fR is a command line application allowing users to monitor and manipulate XML and SGML catalogs\&. It is included in \fBlibxml\fR(3)\&. .PP Its functions can be invoked from a single command from the command line, or it can perform multiple functions in interactive mode\&. It can operate on both XML and SGML files\&. .SH "OPTIONS" .PP \fBxmlcatalog\fR accepts the following options (in alphabetical order): .PP \fB\-\-add \fR\fB\fITYPE\fR\fR\fB \fR\fB\fIORIG\fR\fR\fB \fR\fB\fIREPLACE\fR\fR\fB \fR .RS 4 Add an entry to CATALOGFILE\&. \fITYPE\fR indicates the type of entry\&. Possible types are: \fIpublic\fR, \fIsystem\fR, \fIuri\fR, \fIrewriteSystem\fR, \fIrewriteURI\fR, \fIdelegatePublic\fR, \fIdelegateSystem\fR, \fIdelegateURI\fR, \fInextCatalog\fR\&. \fIORIG\fR is the original reference to be replaced, and \fIREPLACE\fR is the URI of the replacement entity to be used\&. The \fB\-\-add\fR option will not overwrite CATALOGFILE, outputting to stdout, unless \fB\-\-noout\fR is used\&. The \fB\-\-add\fR will always take three parameters even if some of the XML catalog constructs will have only a single argument\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-add \fR\fB\fIFILENAME\fR\fR .RS 4 If the \fB\-\-add\fR option is used following the \fB\-\-sgml\fR option, only a single argument, a \fIFILENAME\fR, is used\&. This is used to add the name of a catalog file to an SGML supercatalog, a file that contains references to other included SGML catalog files\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-create\fR .RS 4 Create a new XML catalog\&. Outputs to stdout, ignoring \fIfilename\fR unless \fB\-\-noout\fR is used, in which case it creates a new catalog file \fIfilename\fR\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-del \fR\fB\fIVALUE(S)\fR\fR .RS 4 Remove entries from \fICATALOGFILE\fR matching \fIVALUE(S)\fR\&. The \fB\-\-del\fR option will not overwrite \fICATALOGFILE\fR, outputting to stdout, unless \fB\-\-noout\fR is used\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-noout\fR .RS 4 Save output to the named file rather than outputting to stdout\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-no\-super\-update\fR .RS 4 Do not update the SGML super catalog\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-shell\fR .RS 4 Run a shell allowing interactive queries on catalog file \fICATALOGFILE\fR\&. For the set of available commands see the section called \(lqSHELL COMMANDS\(rq\&. .RE .PP \fB\-\-sgml\fR .RS 4 Uses SGML super catalogs for \fB\-\-add\fR and \fB\-\-del\fR options\&. .RE .PP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR .RS 4 Output debugging information\&. .RE .PP Invoking \fBxmlcatalog\fR non\-interactively without a designated action (imposed with options like \fB\-\-add\fR) will result in a lookup of the catalog entry for \fIENTITIES\fR in the catalog denoted with \fICATALOGFILE\fR\&. The corresponding entries will be output to the command line\&. This mode of operation, together with \fB\-\-shell\fR mode and non\-modifying (i\&.e\&. without \fB\-\-noout\fR) direct actions, allows for a special shortcut of the void \fICATALOGFILE\fR specification (possibly expressed as "" in the shell environment) appointing the default system catalog\&. That simplifies the handling when its exact location is irrelevant but the respective built\-in still needs to be consulted\&. .SH "SHELL COMMANDS" .PP Invoking \fBxmlcatalog\fR with the \fB\-\-shell \fR\fB\fICATALOGFILE\fR\fR option opens a command line shell allowing interactive access to the catalog file identified by \fICATALOGFILE\fR\&. Invoking the shell provides a command line prompt after which the following commands (described in alphabetical order) can be entered\&. .PP \fBadd \fR\fB\fITYPE\fR\fR\fB \fR\fB\fIORIG\fR\fR\fB \fR\fB\fIREPLACE\fR\fR\fB \fR .RS 4 Add an entry to the catalog file\&. \fITYPE\fR indicates the type of entry\&. Possible types are: \fIpublic\fR, \fIsystem\fR, \fIuri\fR, \fIrewriteSystem\fR, \fIrewriteURI\fR, \fIdelegatePublic\fR, \fIdelegateSystem\fR, \fIdelegateURI\fR, \fInextCatalog\fR\&. \fIORIG\fR is the original reference to be replaced, and \fIREPLACE\fR is the URI of the replacement entity to be used\&. The \fB\-\-add\fR option will not overwrite CATALOGFILE, outputting to stdout, unless \fB\-\-noout\fR is used\&. The \fB\-\-add\fR will always take three parameters even if some of the XML catalog constructs will have only a single argument\&. .RE .PP \fBdebug\fR .RS 4 Print debugging statements showing the steps \fBxmlcatalog\fR is executing\&. .RE .PP \fBdel \fR\fB\fIVALUE(S)\fR\fR .RS 4 Remove the catalog entry corresponding to \fIVALUE(S)\fR\&. .RE .PP \fBdump\fR .RS 4 Print the current catalog\&. .RE .PP \fBexit\fR .RS 4 Quit the shell\&. .RE .PP \fBpublic \fR\fB\fIPUBLIC\-ID\fR\fR .RS 4 Execute a Formal Public Identifier lookup of the catalog entry for \fIPUBLIC\-ID\fR\&. The corresponding entry will be output to the command line\&. .RE .PP \fBquiet\fR .RS 4 Stop printing debugging statements\&. .RE .PP \fBsystem \fR\fB\fISYSTEM\-ID\fR\fR .RS 4 Execute a Formal Public Identifier lookup of the catalog entry for \fISYSTEM\-ID\fR\&. The corresponding entry will be output to the command line\&. .RE .SH "ENVIRONMENT" .PP \fBXML_CATALOG_FILES\fR .RS 4 XML catalog behavior can be changed by redirecting queries to the user\*(Aqs own set of catalogs\&. This can be done by setting the \fBXML_CATALOG_FILES\fR environment variable to a list of catalogs\&. An empty one should deactivate loading the default /etc/xml/catalog catalog\&. .RE .SH "DIAGNOSTICS" .PP \fBxmlcatalog\fR return codes provide information that can be used when calling it from scripts\&. .PP \fB0\fR .RS 4 No error .RE .PP \fB1\fR .RS 4 Failed to remove an entry from the catalog .RE .PP \fB2\fR .RS 4 Failed to save to the catalog, check file permissions .RE .PP \fB3\fR .RS 4 Failed to add an entry to the catalog .RE .PP \fB4\fR .RS 4 Failed to look up an entry in the catalog .RE .SH "SEE ALSO" .PP \fBlibxml\fR(3) .PP More information can be found at .sp .RS 4 .ie n \{\ \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c .\} .el \{\ .sp -1 .IP \(bu 2.3 .\} \fBlibxml\fR(3) web page \m[blue]\fB\%http://www.xmlsoft.org/\fR\m[] .RE .sp .RS 4 .ie n \{\ \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c .\} .el \{\ .sp -1 .IP \(bu 2.3 .\} \fBlibxml\fR(3) catalog support web page at \m[blue]\fB\%http://www.xmlsoft.org/catalog.html\fR\m[] .RE .sp .RS 4 .ie n \{\ \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c .\} .el \{\ .sp -1 .IP \(bu 2.3 .\} James Clark\*(Aqs SGML catalog page \m[blue]\fB\%http://www.jclark.com/sp/catalog.htm\fR\m[] .RE .sp .RS 4 .ie n \{\ \h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c .\} .el \{\ .sp -1 .IP \(bu 2.3 .\} OASIS XML catalog specification \m[blue]\fB\%http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/spec.html\fR\m[] .RE .sp .SH "AUTHOR" .PP \fBJohn Fleck\fR <\&jfleck@inkstain\&.net\&> .RS 4 Author. .RE .SH "COPYRIGHT" .br Copyright \(co 2001, 2004 .br PK!T[ man1/tsql.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd March 25, 2015 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt TSQL FreeTDS "FreeTDS Reference Manual" .Sh NAME .Nm tsql .Nd utility to test FreeTDS connections and queries .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Bro .Fl S Ar servername .Op Fl I Ar interface | .Fl H Ar hostname .Op Fl L .Op Fl p Ar port .Brc .Op Fl D Ar dbname .Op Fl U Ar username .Op Fl P Ar password .Op Fl o Ar options .Nm .Fl C .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a FreeTDS diagnostic tool. It uses the TDS protocol to connect to a Sybase or Microsoft SQL Server, and lets the user issue queries. .Nm does not use the FreeTDS client libraries. Instead, it uses only the lowest level library, libtds, to test the protocol implementation. .Pp .Nm can be run in two ways, one which uses the freetds.conf and one which connects directly using the server's hostname and port. The .Fl H and .Fl p parameters are provided to let the user verify a server is listening on the named host and port. These parameters override any configuration files and environment variables. .Pl The .Fl S parameter can be used to test the local configuration. FreeTDS will use freetds.conf (or equivalent) and environment variables in the normal way to determine the server's IP address and port. You can use .Fl I to specify a filename, overriding FreeTDS's configuration file search algorithm. .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl S Ar servername database server to which to connect. .It Fl D Ar dbname database to use. .It Fl I Ar interface freetds.conf or interfaces file describing servername. .It Fl H Ar hostname DNS hostname of the server. .It Fl p Ar port port at which SQL Server is listening. .It Fl U Ar username database login name. If username is not provided, a domain login is attempted for TDS 7+ connections. .It Fl P Ar password database password. .It Fl L list Microsoft server instances (with .Fl H Ns ). .It Fl C print some of the compile-time configuration parameters. .It Fl o Ar options apply the options specified to every command. .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl f No footer .Bq result count .It Fl h No header .Bq titles .It Fl t Print time .It Fl v Print version .It Fl q Quiet .El .It Fl a Ar appname application name. .It Fl t Ar colterm column terminator. .It Fl r Ar rowterm row terminator. .It Fl r Ar rowterm row terminator. .It Fl J Ar charset character set. .It Fl v verbose mode. .El .\" .Sh NOTES If you can connect with .Ql tsql -S servername Ns , your basic FreeTDS installation is working. .Pp Typing .Ql exit Ns , .Ql quit Ns , or .Ql bye (or .Li ^D Ns ) exits .Nm Ns . .Pp Typing .Ql version displays the TDS protocol version. .Pp Command batches may be separated with .Ql go or .Ql GO Ns . If .Ql GO the version string is reported before executing the batch. .Pp After prompting for the password (if not provided with .Fl P Ns ), .Nm will attempt to connect to the remote server. .Nm displays a counter indicating the number of seconds elapsed during the connection attempt. Typically, .Nm immediately responds with a .Ql 1> prompt. If you see the counter (1, 2, 3, ...), most likely .Nm is unable to connect to the indicated server. .Pp .Nm is not a replacement for a complete isql such as sqsh (www.sqsh.org). If you have suggestions for ways to make .Nm more useful as a diagnostic tool, please post them to the FreeTDS mailing list for consideration. .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.60. .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An Brian Bruns Ns . .Sh BUGS Several, to be sure, now that it's documented. :) PK!-man1/freebcp.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd March 25, 2015 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt FREEBCP 1 .Sh NAME .Nm freebcp .Nd bulk loading utility for Sybase and Microsoft databases .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Bo Bo Ao Ar database Ac Ns . Bc Ns Ao Ar owner Ac Ns . Bc Ns Aq Ar object_name .Bro .Ar in | .Ar [query] Ns Ar out .Brc .Ar datafile .Bro .Fl c | .Fl n | .Fl f Ar formatfile .Brc .Op Fl S Ar servername .Op Fl D Ar dbname .Op Fl U Ar username .Op Fl P Ar password .Op Fl b Ar batchsize .Op Fl F Ar firstrow .Op Fl L Ar lastrow .Op Fl e Ar errfile .Op Fl I Ar interfaces .Op Fl m Ar maxerror .Op Fl t Ar field_term .Op Fl r Ar row_term .Op Fl h Ar hints .Op Fl T Ar textsize .Op Fl A Ar packet_size .Op Fl O Ar options .Op Fl i Ar inputfile .Op Fl o Ar outputfile .Op Fl C Ar charset .Op Fl EdVv .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a utility program distributed with FreeTDS. .Nm replicates (in part at least) the functionality of the bcp utility programs distributed by Sybase and Microsoft. .Nm makes use of the DB-Library bcp API provided by FreeTDS. This API is also available to application developers. .Pp The manual pages or online help for Sybase or SQL Server can be referenced for more detailed information on bcp functionality. .\" .Sh TABLES\ AND\ FILES .Bl -tag -width indent .It Ar database The name of the database containing object to be copied. Optional if the table/view is in the default database for .Ar username . .It Ar schema The schema of the object being copied. If not provided, the default schema for .Ar username is used. .It Ar object The name of the database object you wish to access, typically a table. It can also be a view. All views can be read; some can be written, subject to constraints. With .Ar queryout Ns , Ar object can also be an SQL query. .It Ar in Copy data from a host file to a database table. .It Ar out Copy data from a database table to a host file. .It Ar queryout indicates that .Ar table_name is in fact SQL, rather than a database object. .Nm will execute the query and write the results to a file. (It is a good idea to have the query return one and only one result set.) .It Ar datafile The name of an operating system file. .El .\" .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl A Ar packet_size Set the size of a TDS packet to packet_size. Not sure why you would want to do this, except as an experiment. .It Fl D Ar dbname The name of the default database to use. Overrides default database associated with the login account. Causes .Nm to issue a .Ic USE Ar dbname command immediately after logging in, before commencing BCP operations. .It Fl E Write the data in datafile to the table's IDENTITY column. Without this flag, the identity data present in the datafile will be ignored, and new IDENTITY values will be generated for the imported rows. .It Fl F Ar firstrow The first row to copy from the input file or database table. The default is the first row, row 1. .It Fl I Ar interfaces The name and location of the .Pa interfaces file to search when connecting to servername. Overrides .Pa freetds.conf. .It Fl L Ar lastrow The last row to copy from an input file or database table. The default is the last row. .It Fl O Ar options SQL text to set connection options prior to the bcp operation. If .Ar options is a valid filename, the SQL is read from the file instead. Sometimes needed for .Ar queryout . Example: .Li -O `SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON' Ns . .It Fl P Ar password The password associated with .Ar username . .It Fl S Ar servername The name of the Database Server to which to connect. .It Fl T Ar textsize For text or image columns, set the maximum number of characters to request from the server. Defaults to the setting in .Pa freetds.conf . If not specified anywhere, defaults to the full size of the data. .It Fl U Ar username A database login name. For TDS\ 7+ connections, a domain login is attempted if .Ar username is not provided. .It Fl b Ar batchsize The number of rows per batch of data copied. Batching applies only when you are bulk copying into the database. Each batch of data is effectively .Dq committed into the database. The default value for .Ar batchsize is 1000. .It Fl c The host data file is (or will be) in "character" format, i.e., a text file. Encoding is determined by the client charset attribute in .Pa freetds.conf . .It Fl d Turn off any logging. (Unintuitive, perhaps.) .It Fl e Ar errfile Write errors to .Ar errfile . For uploads. Includes line and column information, and the row data. .It Fl f Ar formatfile The format of the host data file is described by .Ar formatfile . The layout of .Ar formatfile is identical to that understood by the Sybase and Microsoft bcp utilities, but is too complicated to describe here. .It Fl h Ar hints Set bcp hints. For valid values, cf. .Fn bcp_options in the FreeTDS Reference Manual. .It Fl m Ar maxerror Stop after encountering .Ar maxerror errors. Default 10. .It Fl n The host data file is in .Dq native format. This is a format that .Nm will be able to process, but is not portable or readable. .It Fl r Ar row_term The row terminator for a character file. May be more than one character. Default is newline ('\\n'). Cf\&. .Fl c Ns , above. .It Fl t Ar field_term The field terminator for character file. Also known as a column delimiter. May be more than one character. Default is tab ('\\t'). Cf\&. .Fl c Ns , above. .It Fl v .It Fl V Print the version information and exit. .It Fl i Ar inputfile Read input data from file specified. .It Fl o Ar outputfile Write output data to file specified. .It Fl C Ar charset Specify character set to use to talk to server. .El .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Ev DSQUERY default .Ar servername .\" .Sh NOTES When connecting to a Sybase database server, it is required that the TDS 5.0 protocol be used. When connecting to a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 database server, the TDS\ 7 (or later) protocol is required. .Pp Sybase and Microsoft define different versions of the bcp portion of TDS 4.2. Because FreeTDS has no way of knowing which type of server it's connected to, .Nm does not support version 4.2 of the TDS protocol. .\" .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.60 .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An Bill Thompson Aq thompbil@exchange.uk.ml.com .Sh BUGS Currently, there is no support for text data types in .Nm Ns , when SQL Server 2000 is the target server. PK!d^99 man1/fisql.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd March 25, 2015 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt FISQL FreeTDS "FreeTDS Reference Manual" .\" .Sh NAME .Nm fisql .Nd interactive SQL shell .\" .Sh SYNOPSIS .Pp .Nm .Op Fl eFgpnvXY .Op Fl a Ar display_charset .Op Fl A Ar packet_size .Op Fl c Ar cmdend .Op Fl D Ar database .Op Fl E Ar editor .Op Fl h Ar headers .Op Fl H Ar hostname .Op Fl i Ar inputfile .Op Fl I Ar interfaces_file .Op Fl J Ar client_charset .Op Fl l Ar login_timeout .Op Fl m Ar errorlevel .Op Fl o Ar outputfile .Op Fl P Ar password .Op Fl s Ar colseparator .Op Fl S Ar server .Op Fl t Ar timeout .Op Fl U Ar username .Op Fl w Ar width .Op Fl y Ar sybase_dir .Op Fl z Ar language .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Pp .Nm is very similar to the .Ql isql utility programs distributed by Sybase and Microsoft. Like them, .Nm uses the command .Ql go on a line by itself as a separator between batches. .\" .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl a Ar display_charset The client charset name. Not implemented. .It Fl A Ar packet_size Set protocol packet size. You should not need to set this parameter. .It Fl c Ar cmdend Command terminator, defaults to .Ql go Ns . .It Fl D Database name on the server to use. .It Fl e Echo SQL input (usually in outputfile) .It Fl E Ar editor Specify an editor to invoke. Defaults to vi. .It Fl F FIPS mode ON. Server returns a message (but processes the query anyway) when it encounters a non-standard SQL command. .It Fl g Display a brief help message .It Fl h Ar headers Number of rows after which to repeat the column headers. Default is once per resultset. .It Fl H Ar hostname Hostname of the client machine as it will be told to the server. .It Fl I Ar interfaces_file Name of the interfaces or freetds.conf file to use. .It Fl i Ar inputfile Name of script file, containing SQL. .It Fl J Ar client_charset Not implemented. .It Fl l Ar login_timeout How long to wait for the server to acknowledge a login attempt. .It Fl m Ar errorlevel For errors of the severity level specified or higher, print only the message number, state, and error level. Below that level, print nothing. .It Fl n Suppress line numbers in echoed output. .It Fl o Ar outputfile Name of output file, holding result data. .It Fl p Prints performance statistics. Not implemented. .It Fl P Ar password Database server password. .It Fl s Ar colseparator The column separator. Default is space. Shell metacharacters require quoting. .It Fl S Ar server Database server to which to connect. .It Fl t Ar timeout The query timeout, in seconds. How long to wait for a query to be processed. The default is indefinitely, or as determined by freetds.conf. .It Fl U Ar username Database server login name. .It Fl v Display version and copyright. .It Fl w Ar width How many characters wide to print the output. Defaults to 80. .It Fl X Use encrypted login. Not implemented in FreeTDS. .It Fl y Pa sybase_dir Sets the .Ev SYBASE environment variable. Not used by FreeTDS. .It Fl Y Use chained transactions. .It Fl z Ar language Name of a language for fisql's prompts and messages. Cf. DBSETLNATLANG. .El .\" .Sh NOTES .Nm is a filter; it reads from standard input, writes to standard output, and writes errors to standard error. The .Fl i Ns , .FL o Ns , and .Fl e options override these defaults. .Pp .Nm uses the DB-Library API provided by FreeTDS. It was first implemented using Sybase's own library and continues to work with it. Before (and after) modifying it, it would be well to test it with Sybase's library to assure compatibility between it and FreeTDS. EXIT STATUS .Pp .Nm exits 0 on success, and >0 if the server cannot process the query. .Pp .Nm will report any errors returned by the server, but will continue processing. In a production environment, this behavior may be insufficiently stringent. To make it extremely intolerant of errors, change the message and error handlers to call exit(3). .\" .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.65. .\" .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An Nicholas S. Castellano Aq entropy@freetds.org Ns , who contributed it to the FreeTDS project under the terms of the GPL. .\" .Sh BUGS Requires the GNU readline library. PK!K6< < man1/defncopy.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd April 26, 2012 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt DEFNCOPY FreeTDS "FreeTDS Reference Manual" .\" .Sh NAME .Nm defncopy .Nd extract procedures and views from a Microsoft server. .\" .Sh SYNOPSIS .Pp .Nm .Op Fl v .Op Fl U Ar username .Op Fl P Ar password .Op Fl S Ar server .Op Fl D Ar database .Op Fl i Ar input_file .Op Fl o Ar output_file .Bo .Ar owner.object_name .\" Elipsis according to Werner Lemberg: .\" http://www.mail-archive.com/groff@gnu.org/msg03122.html .Op Ar owner.object_name .\|.\|.\& .Bc .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Pp .Nm is a utility program distributed with FreeTDS. It replaces a similar program of the same name distributed by Sybase. .Pp .Nm reads the text of a stored procedure or view, and writes a script suitable for recreating the procedure or view. For tables, it reads the output of sp_help and constructs a .Ql CREATE TABLE statement, complete with .Ql CREATE INDEX Ns , too. .\" .Ar owner is optional if you or the database owner is the owner of the procedure/view being copied. .Ar object_name is the name of the system object you wish to extract. .\" .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl U Ar username database server login name. .It Fl P Ar password database server password. .It Fl S Ar server database server to which to connect. .It Fl D Ar database database to use. Optional if the procedure/view being extracted is in your default database. .It Fl i Ar input_file a script to apply to the database. Not currently implemented. .It Fl o Ar output_file a file to hold the script, defaults to standard output. .It Fl v Show version information and copyright notice. .El .\" .Sh NOTES .Nm is a filter; it reads from standard input, writes to standard output, and writes errors to standard error. The .Fl i , .Fl o , and .Fl e options override these defaults. .Pp .Nm makes use of the db-lib API provided by FreeTDS. This API is of course also available to application developers. .Sh EXIT STATUS .Pp .Nm exits 0 on success, and >0 if the server cannot process the query. .Pp .Nm will report any errors returned by the server, but will continue processing. .\" .Sh HISTORY .Pp .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.63. .\" .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An James K. Lowden Aq jklowden@schemamania.org. .\" .Sh BUGS Works only with Microsoft servers and ancient Sybase servers. Does not create primary keys. Many options are defined by Sybase that this version does not implement. Feel free to correct this situation. In theory, .Nm could apply/produce DDL for any system object, but at present only tables, procedures and views are supported, and only for extraction. PK!.DKP P man1/bsqlodbc.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd March 25, 2015 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt BSQLODBC FreeTDS "FreeTDS Reference Manual" .\" .Sh NAME .Nm bsqlodbc .Nd batch SQL script processor using ODBC .\" .Sh SYNOPSIS .Pp .Nm .Op Fl hqv .Op Fl U Ar username .Op Fl P Ar password .Op Fl S Ar server .Op Fl D Ar database .Op Fl i Ar input_file .Op Fl o Ar output_file .Op Fl e Ar error_file .Op Fl t Ar field_term .Op Fl V Ar odbc_version .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Pp .Nm is a utility program distributed with FreeTDS. .Pp .Nm is a non-interactive equivalent of the .Ql isql utility programs distributed by Sybase and Microsoft. Like them, .Nm uses the command .Ql go on a line by itself as a separator between batches. The last batch need not be followed by .Ql go . .Pp .Nm makes use of the ODBC API provided by FreeTDS. This API is of course also available to application developers. .\" .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl U Ar username Database server login name. .It Fl P Ar password Database server password. .It Fl S Ar server Database server to which to connect. .It Fl D Ar database Database to use. .It Fl i Ar input_file Name of script file, containing SQL. .It Fl o Ar output_file Name of output file, holding result data. .It Fl e Ar error_file Name of file for errors. .It Fl t Ar field_term Specifies the field terminator. Default is two spaces ( .Ql \ \ .Ns ). Recognized escape sequences are tab ( .Ql \et .Ns ), carriage return ( .Ql \er .Ns ), newline ( .Ql \en .Ns ), and backslash ( .Ql \e\e .Ns ). .It Fl h Print column headers with the data to the same file. .It Fl q Do not print column metadata, return status, or rowcount. Overrides .Fl h . .It Fl v Verbose mode, for more information about the ODBC interaction. This also reports the result set metadata, including and return code. All verbose data are written to standard error (or .Fl e Ns ), so as not to interfere with the data stream. .It Fl V Ar odbc_version Specify ODBC version (2 or 3). .El .\" .Sh NOTES .Pp .Nm is a filter; it reads from standard input, writes to standard output, and writes errors to standard error. The .Fl i , .Fl o , and .Fl e options override these defaults. .Sh EXIT STATUS .Nm exits 0 on success, and >0 if the server cannot process the query. .\" .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.65. .\" .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An James K. Lowden Aq jklowden@freetds.org . PK!_p p man1/datacopy.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd March 25, 2015 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt DATACOPY FreeTDS "FreeTDS Reference Manual" .\" .Sh NAME .Nm datacopy .Nd move table data between two servers .\" .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl vdE .Bro .Fl t | .Fl a | .Fl c .Ar owner .Brc .Op Fl b Ar batchsize .Op Fl p Ar packetsize .Op Fl S Ar server/username/password/database/table_or_view .Op Fl D Ar server/username/password/database/table .Op Fl T Ar textsize .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a utility distributed with FreeTDS. .Nm will move table data from one server to another without the need for intermediate files. .Nm is much faster and more efficient than is freebcp out/in. .Pp .Nm makes use of the db-lib bcp API built into FreeTDS. This API is also available to application developers. .Pp .Nm can be used to migrate data between Sybase ASE and SQL Server or vice versa. .\" .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl t Truncate target table before loading data. .It Fl a Append data to target table. .It Fl c Ar owner Create the target table with the same schema as the source table. .Nm will submit a .Ql CREATE TABLE command on the target server using the specified owner in the command, e.g. .Ql CREATE TABLE owner.table (.\|.\|.\&). .It Fl b Ar batchsize The number of rows per batch of data copied. Each batch of data is effectively 'committed' to the database. The default is 1000. .It Fl p Ar packetsize The number of bytes, per network packet, sent to and from the servers. Increased packet size can enhance performance. .It Fl T Ar textsize Specify size of TEXT/IMAGE column from network. .It Fl v Produce verbose output, including diagnostic timings. .It Fl d Produce freetds TDSDUMP output. (Serious debug only!) .It Fl S Ar server/username/password/database/table_or_view The connection information for the source server and the location/name of the table (or view) to be copied. If not specified, .Nm prompts the user for the information. .It Fl D Ar server/username/password/database/table The connection information for the destination server and the location/name of the target table. If not specified, .Nm prompts the user for the information. .It Fl E Keep identity values. .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr freebcp 1 , Xr defncopy 1 , Xr bsqldb 1 , Xr tsql 1 , .%B FreeTDS User Guide. .\" .Sh HISTORY .Pp .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.64. .\" .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An Bill Thompson Aq thompbil@exchange.uk.ml.com . PK!'h man1/bsqldb.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd March 26, 2015 .Dt BSQLDB 1 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Sh NAME .Nm bsqldb .Nd batch SQL script processor using DB-Library .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl hqv .Op Fl S Ar servername .Op Fl D Ar database .Op Fl U Ar username .Op Fl P Ar password .Op Fl i Ar input_file .Op Fl o Ar output_file .Op Fl e Ar error_file .Op Fl H Ar hostname .Op Fl t Ar field_term .Op Fl R Ar pivot_description .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a utility program distributed with FreeTDS. .Nm is a non-interactive equivalent of the "isql" utility programs distributed by Sybase and Microsoft. Like them, .Nm uses the command "go" on a line by itself as a separator between batches. The last batch need not be followed by "go". .Nm makes use of the DB-Library API provided by FreeTDS. This API is of course also available to application developers. .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl D Ar database Database to use. .It Fl H Ar hostname hostname Override name of client sent to server. .It Fl P Ar password Database server password. .It Fl S Ar servername Database server to which to connect. .It Fl U Ar username Database server login name. If username is not provided, a domain login is attempted for TDS 7+ connections. .It Fl e Ar error_file Name of file for errors. .It Fl h Print column headers with the data to the same file. .It Fl i Ar input_file Name of script file, containing SQL. .It Fl o Ar output_file Name of output file, holding result data. .It Fl q Do not print column metadata, return status, or rowcount. Overrides .Fl h Ns . .It Fl t Ar field_term Specifies the field terminator. Default is two spaces (' '). Recognized escape sequences are tab ('\\t'), carriage return ('\\r'), newline ('\\n'), and backslash ('\\\\'). .It Fl v Verbose mode, for more information about the DB-Library interaction. This also reports the result set metadata, including and return code. All verbose data are written to standard error (or .Fl e Ns ), so as not to interfere with the data stream. .It Fl R Ar pivot_description Specify pivot trasformation. The format is .Ao Ar down\ columns Ac .Ao Ar across\ columns Ac .Ao Ar function Ac .Ao Ar value Ac . Columns are specified but numbers. The format of .Ar down columns and .Ar across columns is a comma separated list of columns. .Ar function is either count, sum, min or max. .El .\" .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Ev DSQUERY default .Ar servername .\" .Sh NOTES .Nm is a filter; it reads from standard input, writes to standard output, and writes errors to standard error. The .Fl i Ns , Fl o Ns , and Fl e options override these defaults. .Pp The source code for .Nm is intended as a model for DB-Library users. DB-Library has a rich set of functions, and it can be hard sometimes to understand how to use them, particularly the first time. If you find something about the source code unclear, you are encouraged to email the author your comments. .\" .Sh EXIT STATUS .Nm exits 0 on success, and >0 if the server cannot process the query. .Pp For messages with severity > 10, .Nm calls exit(3) with the severity level. For example, if the severity level is 16, .Nm will return an exit status of 16 to the shell. .\" .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.63. .\" .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An "James K. Lowden" Aq jklowden@freetds.org . .\" .Sh BUGS Microsoft servers as of SQL Server 7.0 SP 3 do not return output parameters unless the RPC functions are used. This means .Nm cannot return output parameters for stored procedures with these servers. PK!_ man1/osql.1nu[.\" cf. groff_mdoc .Dd April 26, 2012 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt OSQL FreeTDS "FreeTDS Reference Manual" .\" .Sh NAME .Nm osql .Nd utility to test FreeTDS connections and queries .\" .Sh SYNOPSIS .Pp .Nm .Fl S Ar dsn .Fl U Ar username .Fl P Ar password .Op Fl I Pa ini_directory .\" .Sh DESCRIPTION .Pp .Nm is a diagnostic tool provided as part of FreeTDS. It is a Bourne shell script that checks and reports on your configuration files. If everything checks out OK, it invokes isql. .Pp .Nm works only with the isql that comes with unixODBC. .\" .Sh OPTIONS .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl S Ar dsn the Data Source Name to which to connect, as known to .Pa odbc.ini Ns . .It Fl U Ar username database login name. .It Fl P Ar password database password. .It Fl I Ar ini_dir override .Pa odbc.ini file location. .El .\" .Sh EXAMPLE If you have an .Pa odbc.ini with a section like this: .Bd -literal -offset indent .Bq myDSN servername = myserver TDS_Version = 5.0 .Ed .Pp You would invoke .Nm as: .Pp .Li osql -S myDSN .Op .\|.\|.\& .\" .Sh FILES .Pa odbc.ini .Pa freetds.conf .\" .Sh NOTES If you can connect with .Ql osql -S servername -U user -P passwd Ns , your FreeTDS ODBC installation is working. .Pp .Nm guesses where unixODBC might look for its .Pa odbc.ini by examining the binary. This is not always an effective approach. If it doesn't work, you'll receive a report of candidate strings. Kindly pass along the output to help improve the guessing. .Pp If .Nm cannot intuit your .Pa odbc.ini directory, you can force the issue with the .Fl I option. However, you're then instructing .Nm what to test, not where unixODBC will eventually look. Your override is therefore only as good as you are. Look carefully at the error output before overriding. .Pp If you have suggestions for ways to make .Nm more useful as a diagnostic tool, please post them to the FreeTDS mailing list. .\" .Sh HISTORY .Nm first appeared in FreeTDS 0.65. .\" .Sh AUTHORS The .Nm utility was written by .An James K. Lowden Ns . PK!tz??man5/freetds.conf.5nu[.Dd May 2, 2017 .Os FreeTDS 1.1.24 .Dt FREETDS.CONF "FreeTDS 5" "FreeTDS Reference Manual" . .Sh NAME .Nm freetds.conf .Nd configuration file for FreeTDS . .Sh SYNOPSIS The .Pa freetds.conf file describes Sybase and Microsoft database servers to the FreeTDS library. It comprises sections headed by a servername, followed by a list of connection properties denoted as name-value pairs. Defaults are defined via a .Bq global section. This file supersedes the .Pa interfaces file that Sybase defines for the same purpose, although the latter is still supported. . .Sh DESCRIPTION A section begins with a servername \(em the name of the server \(em in square brackets. The servername is chosen at the client's descretion. (One exception: with Sybase ASA the servername must match the database name to be used.) .Pp Sections contain properties, one per line, in the form .Pp .Dl name = value .Pp where .Ar name is the connection property to be described. Servernames and properties are not case sensitive. Values are case-preserving i.e., copied literally. Comments begin with either a semicolon .Pq So ; Sc or pound sign .Pq So # Sc and continue to end of line. Blank lines are ignored. Whitespace surrounding the .So = Sc is ignored. . .Sh PROPERTIES .Bl -tag -width "emulate little endian" -compact . .It client charset encoding of client data; overrides locale(1) settings .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: iconv character set names .It Default: ISO-8859-1 .El . .It connect timeout seconds to wait for response from connect request .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: 0 to MAX_INT .It Default: none .El . .It debug flags logging granularity .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: 32-bit integer .It Default: 0x4fff .El . .It dump file specifies location of a logfile and turns on logging .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: valid file name .It Default: none .El . .It dump file append log data appended to file instead of re-writing for each connection .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: yes/no .It Default: no .El . .It emulate little endian forces big endian machines to act as little endian to communicate with Microsoft Servers .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: yes/no .It Default: no .El . .It encryption .Bl -tag -compact .It Em off disables encryption .It Em request use if available (default when tds version greater than 7.0) .It Em required allow encrypted connections only .El . .It host Name of the host the server is running on. .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: host name or IP address .It Default: SYBASE .El . .It initial block size maximum size of a protocol block .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: multiple of 512 .It Default: 512 .El . .It instance name of Microsoft SQL Server instance to connect to (supersedes .Em port ) .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: instance name .It Default: none .El . .It port port number that the server is listening to .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: any valid port .It Default: TDS 5.0, 5000; TDS 7.0 and up, 1433 .El . .It tds version TDS protocol version to use .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: 4.2, 5.0, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2 .It Default: .Fl -with-tdsver value (5.0 if unspecified) .El . .It text size default value of TEXTSIZE, in bytes .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: 0 to 4,294,967,295 .It Default: 4,294,967,295 .El . .It timeout seconds to wait for response to a query .Bl -tag -width "default:" -compact .It Domain: 0 to MAX_INT .It Default: none (wait forever) .El . .El .Pp Do not define both .Fa port and .Fa instance Ns \&. One implies the other. .Pp Boolean property values may be denoted as on/off, true/false, or 1/0. . .Ss DEBUG FLAGS The log's granularity can be controlled with the .Em debug flags property. .Bl -column -offset indent ".Sy 0x8000" ".Sy show source level info (source file and line)" .It Sy Value Ta Sy Meaning .It Li \ \ 0x02 severe error .It Li \ \ 0x04 error .It Li \ \ 0x08 warning .It Li \ \ 0x10 network .It Li \ \ 0x20 information level 1 .It Li \ \ 0x40 information level 2 .It Li \ \ 0x80 function trace and info .It Li 0x1000 show pid .It Li 0x2000 show time .It Li 0x4000 show source level info (source file and line) .It Li 0x8000 thread id (not implemented). .El . .Sh NAMES AND LOCATIONS The file is normally named .Pa /etc/freetds.conf or .Pa ${HOME}/.freetds.conf . That name can be overridden with the FREETDSCONF environment variable. .Pp FreeTDS will search conf files for a servername in the following order: .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact .It a filename set programatically via dbsetifile() that is in .conf format .It a filename in the environment variable FREETDSCONF that is in .conf format .It .Pa ${HOME}/.freetds.conf if extant .It .Pa /opt/alt/freetds11/etc/freetds.conf .El .Pp The search stops with the first file containing the servername. .Pp If no conf file is found, FreeTDS searches for an .Pa interfaces file in the following order: .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact .It a filename set programatically via dbsetifile() that is in .Pa interfaces format .It .Pa ${HOME}/.interfaces .It .Pa $SYBASE/interfaces (where .Ev $SYBASE is an environment variable) .El .Pp If the requested servername is not found in any configuration file, the fallback mechanism is: .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact .It attempt to convert the name to an IP address with inet_addr(3), else .It attempt to convert the name to an IP address with gethostbyname(3), else .It attempt to look up the literal name .Dq SYBASE .El . .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Bl -tag -width "TDSDUMPCONFIG" -compact .It Ev FREETDSCONF overrides name and location of the system-wide conf file .It Ev TDSDUMP overrides the name and location of the FreeTDS log file .It Ev TDSDUMPCONFIG specifies a name and location of a file that logs the search of configuration files .It Ev TDSHOST overrides the host property .It Ev TDSPORT overrides the port property .It Ev TDSQUERY synonym for DSQUERY, the default servername .It Ev TDSVER overrides the version specified in the freetds.conf .El .Pp The environment variables .Ev TDSVER, Ev TDSDUMP, Ev TDSPORT, Ev TDSQUERY, and Ev TDSHOST override values set by a .conf or .Pa interfaces file. . .Sh FILES .Pa /opt/alt/freetds11/etc/freetds.conf , ${HOME}/.freetds.conf . .Sh SEE ALSO .%B FreeTDS User Guide . .Sh HISTORY \.conf files first appeared with version 0.53 of FreeTDS. PK!Xno man1/curl.1nu[.\" ************************************************************************** .\" * _ _ ____ _ .\" * Project ___| | | | _ \| | .\" * / __| | | | |_) | | .\" * | (__| |_| | _ <| |___ .\" * \___|\___/|_| \_\_____| .\" * .\" * Copyright (C) 1998 - 2018, Daniel Stenberg, , et al. .\" * .\" * This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which .\" * you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms .\" * are also available at https://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html. .\" * .\" * You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell .\" * copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is .\" * furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file. .\" * .\" * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY .\" * KIND, either express or implied. .\" * .\" ************************************************************************** .\" .\" DO NOT EDIT. Generated by the curl project gen.pl man page generator. .\" .TH curl 1 "November 16, 2016" "Curl 7.64.0" "Curl Manual" .SH NAME curl \- transfer a URL .SH SYNOPSIS .B curl [options / URLs] .SH DESCRIPTION .B curl is a tool to transfer data from or to a server, using one of the supported protocols (DICT, FILE, FTP, FTPS, GOPHER, HTTP, HTTPS, IMAP, IMAPS, LDAP, LDAPS, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP, SMTPS, TELNET and TFTP). The command is designed to work without user interaction. curl offers a busload of useful tricks like proxy support, user authentication, FTP upload, HTTP post, SSL connections, cookies, file transfer resume, Metalink, and more. As you will see below, the number of features will make your head spin! curl is powered by libcurl for all transfer-related features. See \fIlibcurl(3)\fP for details. .SH URL The URL syntax is protocol-dependent. You'll find a detailed description in RFC 3986. You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing part sets within braces as in: http://site.{one,two,three}.com or you can get sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in: ftp://ftp.example.com/file[1-100].txt ftp://ftp.example.com/file[001-100].txt (with leading zeros) ftp://ftp.example.com/file[a-z].txt Nested sequences are not supported, but you can use several ones next to each other: http://example.com/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They will be fetched in a sequential manner in the specified order. You can specify command line options and URLs mixed and in any order on the command line. You can specify a step counter for the ranges to get every Nth number or letter: http://example.com/file[1-100:10].txt http://example.com/file[a-z:2].txt When using [] or {} sequences when invoked from a command line prompt, you probably have to put the full URL within double quotes to avoid the shell from interfering with it. This also goes for other characters treated special, like for example '&', '?' and '*'. Provide the IPv6 zone index in the URL with an escaped percentage sign and the interface name. Like in http://[fe80::3%25eth0]/ If you specify URL without protocol:// prefix, curl will attempt to guess what protocol you might want. It will then default to HTTP but try other protocols based on often-used host name prefixes. For example, for host names starting with "ftp." curl will assume you want to speak FTP. curl will do its best to use what you pass to it as a URL. It is not trying to validate it as a syntactically correct URL by any means but is instead \fBvery\fP liberal with what it accepts. curl will attempt to re-use connections for multiple file transfers, so that getting many files from the same server will not do multiple connects / handshakes. This improves speed. Of course this is only done on files specified on a single command line and cannot be used between separate curl invokes. .SH "PROGRESS METER" curl normally displays a progress meter during operations, indicating the amount of transferred data, transfer speeds and estimated time left, etc. The progress meter displays number of bytes and the speeds are in bytes per second. The suffixes (k, M, G, T, P) are 1024 based. For example 1k is 1024 bytes. 1M is 1048576 bytes. curl displays this data to the terminal by default, so if you invoke curl to do an operation and it is about to write data to the terminal, it \fIdisables\fP the progress meter as otherwise it would mess up the output mixing progress meter and response data. If you want a progress meter for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to redirect the response output to a file, using shell redirect (>), \fI-o, --output\fP or similar. It is not the same case for FTP upload as that operation does not spit out any response data to the terminal. If you prefer a progress "bar" instead of the regular meter, \fI-#, --progress-bar\fP is your friend. You can also disable the progress meter completely with the \fI-s, --silent\fP option. .SH OPTIONS Options start with one or two dashes. Many of the options require an additional value next to them. The short "single-dash" form of the options, -d for example, may be used with or without a space between it and its value, although a space is a recommended separator. The long "double-dash" form, \fI-d, --data\fP for example, requires a space between it and its value. Short version options that don't need any additional values can be used immediately next to each other, like for example you can specify all the options -O, -L and -v at once as -OLv. In general, all boolean options are enabled with --\fBoption\fP and yet again disabled with --\fBno-\fPoption. That is, you use the exact same option name but prefix it with "no-". However, in this list we mostly only list and show the --option version of them. (This concept with --no options was added in 7.19.0. Previously most options were toggled on/off on repeated use of the same command line option.) .IP "--abstract-unix-socket " (HTTP) Connect through an abstract Unix domain socket, instead of using the network. Note: netstat shows the path of an abstract socket prefixed with '@', however the argument should not have this leading character. Added in 7.53.0. .IP "--anyauth" (HTTP) Tells curl to figure out authentication method by itself, and use the most secure one the remote site claims to support. This is done by first doing a request and checking the response-headers, thus possibly inducing an extra network round-trip. This is used instead of setting a specific authentication method, which you can do with \fI--basic\fP, \fI--digest\fP, \fI--ntlm\fP, and \fI--negotiate\fP. Using \fI--anyauth\fP is not recommended if you do uploads from stdin, since it may require data to be sent twice and then the client must be able to rewind. If the need should arise when uploading from stdin, the upload operation will fail. Used together with \fI-u, --user\fP. See also \fI--proxy-anyauth\fP and \fI--basic\fP and \fI--digest\fP. .IP "-a, --append" (FTP SFTP) When used in an upload, this makes curl append to the target file instead of overwriting it. If the remote file doesn't exist, it will be created. Note that this flag is ignored by some SFTP servers (including OpenSSH). .IP "--basic" (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication with the remote host. This is the default and this option is usually pointless, unless you use it to override a previously set option that sets a different authentication method (such as \fI--ntlm\fP, \fI--digest\fP, or \fI--negotiate\fP). Used together with \fI-u, --user\fP. See also \fI--proxy-basic\fP. .IP "--cacert " (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file to verify the peer. The file may contain multiple CA certificates. The certificate(s) must be in PEM format. Normally curl is built to use a default file for this, so this option is typically used to alter that default file. curl recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE' if it is set, and uses the given path as a path to a CA cert bundle. This option overrides that variable. The windows version of curl will automatically look for a CA certs file named \'curl-ca-bundle.crt\', either in the same directory as curl.exe, or in the Current Working Directory, or in any folder along your PATH. If curl is built against the NSS SSL library, the NSS PEM PKCS#11 module (libnsspem.so) needs to be available for this option to work properly. (iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then this option is supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines, but it should not be set. If the option is not set, then curl will use the certificates in the system and user Keychain to verify the peer, which is the preferred method of verifying the peer's certificate chain. (Schannel only) This option is supported for Schannel in Windows 7 or later with libcurl 7.60 or later. This option is supported for backward compatibility with other SSL engines; instead it is recommended to use Windows' store of root certificates (the default for Schannel). If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--capath " (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate directory to verify the peer. Multiple paths can be provided by separating them with ":" (e.g. \&"path1:path2:path3"). The certificates must be in PEM format, and if curl is built against OpenSSL, the directory must have been processed using the c_rehash utility supplied with OpenSSL. Using \fI--capath\fP can allow OpenSSL-powered curl to make SSL-connections much more efficiently than using \fI--cacert\fP if the --cacert file contains many CA certificates. If this option is set, the default capath value will be ignored, and if it is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--cert-status" (TLS) Tells curl to verify the status of the server certificate by using the Certificate Status Request (aka. OCSP stapling) TLS extension. If this option is enabled and the server sends an invalid (e.g. expired) response, if the response suggests that the server certificate has been revoked, or no response at all is received, the verification fails. This is currently only implemented in the OpenSSL, GnuTLS and NSS backends. Added in 7.41.0. .IP "--cert-type " (TLS) Tells curl what type the provided client certificate is using. PEM, DER, ENG and P12 are recognized types. If not specified, PEM is assumed. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI-E, --cert\fP and \fI--key\fP and \fI--key-type\fP. .IP "-E, --cert " (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified client certificate file when getting a file with HTTPS, FTPS or another SSL-based protocol. The certificate must be in PKCS#12 format if using Secure Transport, or PEM format if using any other engine. If the optional password isn't specified, it will be queried for on the terminal. Note that this option assumes a \&"certificate" file that is the private key and the client certificate concatenated! See \fI-E, --cert\fP and \fI--key\fP to specify them independently. If curl is built against the NSS SSL library then this option can tell curl the nickname of the certificate to use within the NSS database defined by the environment variable SSL_DIR (or by default /etc/pki/nssdb). If the NSS PEM PKCS#11 module (libnsspem.so) is available then PEM files may be loaded. If you want to use a file from the current directory, please precede it with "./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname. If the nickname contains ":", it needs to be preceded by "\\" so that it is not recognized as password delimiter. If the nickname contains "\\", it needs to be escaped as "\\\\" so that it is not recognized as an escape character. If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a certificate located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" will be interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the \fI--engine\fP option will be set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the \fI--cert-type\fP option will be set as "ENG" if none was provided. (iOS and macOS only) If curl is built against Secure Transport, then the certificate string can either be the name of a certificate/private key in the system or user keychain, or the path to a PKCS#12-encoded certificate and private key. If you want to use a file from the current directory, please precede it with "./" prefix, in order to avoid confusion with a nickname. (Schannel only) Client certificates must be specified by a path expression to a certificate store. (Loading PFX is not supported; you can import it to a store first). You can use "\\\\" to refer to a certificate in the system certificates store, for example, "CurrentUser\\MY\\934a7ac6f8a5d579285a74fa61e19f23ddfe8d7a". Thumbprint is usually a SHA-1 hex string which you can see in certificate details. Following store locations are supported: CurrentUser, LocalMachine, CurrentService, Services, CurrentUserGroupPolicy, LocalMachineGroupPolicy, LocalMachineEnterprise. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI--cert-type\fP and \fI--key\fP and \fI--key-type\fP. .IP "--ciphers " (TLS) Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection. The list of ciphers must specify valid ciphers. Read up on SSL cipher list details on this URL: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--compressed-ssh" (SCP SFTP) Enables built-in SSH compression. This is a request, not an order; the server may or may not do it. Added in 7.56.0. .IP "--compressed" (HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms curl supports, and save the uncompressed document. If this option is used and the server sends an unsupported encoding, curl will report an error. .IP "-K, --config " Specify a text file to read curl arguments from. The command line arguments found in the text file will be used as if they were provided on the command line. Options and their parameters must be specified on the same line in the file, separated by whitespace, colon, or the equals sign. Long option names can optionally be given in the config file without the initial double dashes and if so, the colon or equals characters can be used as separators. If the option is specified with one or two dashes, there can be no colon or equals character between the option and its parameter. If the parameter is to contain whitespace, the parameter must be enclosed within quotes. Within double quotes, the following escape sequences are available: \\\\, \\", \\t, \\n, \\r and \\v. A backslash preceding any other letter is ignored. If the first column of a config line is a '#' character, the rest of the line will be treated as a comment. Only write one option per physical line in the config file. Specify the filename to \fI-K, --config\fP as '-' to make curl read the file from stdin. Note that to be able to specify a URL in the config file, you need to specify it using the \fI--url\fP option, and not by simply writing the URL on its own line. So, it could look similar to this: url = "https://curl.haxx.se/docs/" When curl is invoked, it (unless \fI-q, --disable\fP is used) checks for a default config file and uses it if found. The default config file is checked for in the following places in this order: 1) curl tries to find the "home dir": It first checks for the CURL_HOME and then the HOME environment variables. Failing that, it uses getpwuid() on Unix-like systems (which returns the home dir given the current user in your system). On Windows, it then checks for the APPDATA variable, or as a last resort the '%USERPROFILE%\\Application Data'. 2) On windows, if there is no _curlrc file in the home dir, it checks for one in the same dir the curl executable is placed. On Unix-like systems, it will simply try to load .curlrc from the determined home dir. .nf # --- Example file --- # this is a comment url = "example.com" output = "curlhere.html" user-agent = "superagent/1.0" # and fetch another URL too url = "example.com/docs/manpage.html" -O referer = "http://nowhereatall.example.com/" # --- End of example file --- .fi This option can be used multiple times to load multiple config files. .IP "--connect-timeout " Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl's connection to take. This only limits the connection phase, so if curl connects within the given period it will continue - if not it will exit. Since version 7.32.0, this option accepts decimal values. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI-m, --max-time\fP. .IP "--connect-to " For a request to the given HOST1:PORT1 pair, connect to HOST2:PORT2 instead. This option is suitable to direct requests at a specific server, e.g. at a specific cluster node in a cluster of servers. This option is only used to establish the network connection. It does NOT affect the hostname/port that is used for TLS/SSL (e.g. SNI, certificate verification) or for the application protocols. "HOST1" and "PORT1" may be the empty string, meaning "any host/port". "HOST2" and "PORT2" may also be the empty string, meaning "use the request's original host/port". A "host" specified to this option is compared as a string, so it needs to match the name used in request URL. It can be either numerical such as "127.0.0.1" or the full host name such as "example.org". This option can be used many times to add many connect rules. See also \fI--resolve\fP and \fI-H, --header\fP. Added in 7.49.0. .IP "-C, --continue-at " Continue/Resume a previous file transfer at the given offset. The given offset is the exact number of bytes that will be skipped, counting from the beginning of the source file before it is transferred to the destination. If used with uploads, the FTP server command SIZE will not be used by curl. Use "-C -" to tell curl to automatically find out where/how to resume the transfer. It then uses the given output/input files to figure that out. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI-r, --range\fP. .IP "-c, --cookie-jar " (HTTP) Specify to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a completed operation. Curl writes all cookies from its in-memory cookie storage to the given file at the end of operations. If no cookies are known, no data will be written. The file will be written using the Netscape cookie file format. If you set the file name to a single dash, "-", the cookies will be written to stdout. This command line option will activate the cookie engine that makes curl record and use cookies. Another way to activate it is to use the \fI-b, --cookie\fP option. If the cookie jar can't be created or written to, the whole curl operation won't fail or even report an error clearly. Using \fI-v, --verbose\fP will get a warning displayed, but that is the only visible feedback you get about this possibly lethal situation. If this option is used several times, the last specified file name will be used. .IP "-b, --cookie " (HTTP) Pass the data to the HTTP server in the Cookie header. It is supposedly the data previously received from the server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. The data should be in the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2". If no '=' symbol is used in the argument, it is instead treated as a filename to read previously stored cookie from. This option also activates the cookie engine which will make curl record incoming cookies, which may be handy if you're using this in combination with the \fI-L, --location\fP option or do multiple URL transfers on the same invoke. If the file name is exactly a minus ("-"), curl will instead the contents from stdin. The file format of the file to read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers (Set-Cookie style) or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format. The file specified with \fI-b, --cookie\fP is only used as input. No cookies will be written to the file. To store cookies, use the \fI-c, --cookie-jar\fP option. Exercise caution if you are using this option and multiple transfers may occur. If you use the NAME1=VALUE1; format, or in a file use the Set-Cookie format and don't specify a domain, then the cookie is sent for any domain (even after redirects are followed) and cannot be modified by a server-set cookie. If the cookie engine is enabled and a server sets a cookie of the same name then both will be sent on a future transfer to that server, likely not what you intended. To address these issues set a domain in Set-Cookie (doing that will include sub domains) or use the Netscape format. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Users very often want to both read cookies from a file and write updated cookies back to a file, so using both \fI-b, --cookie\fP and \fI-c, --cookie-jar\fP in the same command line is common. .IP "--create-dirs" When used in conjunction with the \fI-o, --output\fP option, curl will create the necessary local directory hierarchy as needed. This option creates the dirs mentioned with the \fI-o, --output\fP option, nothing else. If the --output file name uses no dir or if the dirs it mentions already exist, no dir will be created. To create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try \fI--ftp-create-dirs\fP. .IP "--crlf" (FTP SMTP) Convert LF to CRLF in upload. Useful for MVS (OS/390). (SMTP added in 7.40.0) .IP "--crlfile " (TLS) Provide a file using PEM format with a Certificate Revocation List that may specify peer certificates that are to be considered revoked. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.19.7. .IP "--data-ascii " (HTTP) This is just an alias for \fI-d, --data\fP. .IP "--data-binary " (HTTP) This posts data exactly as specified with no extra processing whatsoever. If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a filename. Data is posted in a similar manner as \fI-d, --data\fP does, except that newlines and carriage returns are preserved and conversions are never done. Like \fI-d, --data\fP the default content-type sent to the server is application/x-www-form-urlencoded. If you want the data to be treated as arbitrary binary data by the server then set the content-type to octet-stream: -H "Content-Type: application/octet-stream". If this option is used several times, the ones following the first will append data as described in \fI-d, --data\fP. .IP "--data-raw " (HTTP) This posts data similarly to \fI-d, --data\fP but without the special interpretation of the @ character. See also \fI-d, --data\fP. Added in 7.43.0. .IP "--data-urlencode " (HTTP) This posts data, similar to the other \fI-d, --data\fP options with the exception that this performs URL-encoding. To be CGI-compliant, the part should begin with a \fIname\fP followed by a separator and a content specification. The part can be passed to curl using one of the following syntaxes: .RS .IP "content" This will make curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. Just be careful so that the content doesn't contain any = or @ symbols, as that will then make the syntax match one of the other cases below! .IP "=content" This will make curl URL-encode the content and pass that on. The preceding = symbol is not included in the data. .IP "name=content" This will make curl URL-encode the content part and pass that on. Note that the name part is expected to be URL-encoded already. .IP "@filename" This will make curl load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. .IP "name@filename" This will make curl load data from the given file (including any newlines), URL-encode that data and pass it on in the POST. The name part gets an equal sign appended, resulting in \fIname=urlencoded-file-content\fP. Note that the name is expected to be URL-encoded already. .RE See also \fI-d, --data\fP and \fI--data-raw\fP. Added in 7.18.0. .IP "-d, --data " (HTTP) Sends the specified data in a POST request to the HTTP server, in the same way that a browser does when a user has filled in an HTML form and presses the submit button. This will cause curl to pass the data to the server using the content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compare to \fI-F, --form\fP. \fI--data-raw\fP is almost the same but does not have a special interpretation of the @ character. To post data purely binary, you should instead use the \fI--data-binary\fP option. To URL-encode the value of a form field you may use \fI--data-urlencode\fP. If any of these options is used more than once on the same command line, the data pieces specified will be merged together with a separating &-symbol. Thus, using '-d name=daniel -d skill=lousy' would generate a post chunk that looks like \&'name=daniel&skill=lousy'. If you start the data with the letter @, the rest should be a file name to read the data from, or - if you want curl to read the data from stdin. Multiple files can also be specified. Posting data from a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with \fI-d, --data\fP @foobar. When --data is told to read from a file like that, carriage returns and newlines will be stripped out. If you don't want the @ character to have a special interpretation use \fI--data-raw\fP instead. See also \fI--data-binary\fP and \fI--data-urlencode\fP and \fI--data-raw\fP. This option overrides \fI-F, --form\fP and \fI-I, --head\fP and \fI-T, --upload-file\fP. .IP "--delegation " (GSS/kerberos) Set LEVEL to tell the server what it is allowed to delegate when it comes to user credentials. .RS .IP "none" Don't allow any delegation. .IP "policy" Delegates if and only if the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag is set in the Kerberos service ticket, which is a matter of realm policy. .IP "always" Unconditionally allow the server to delegate. .RE .IP "--digest" (HTTP) Enables HTTP Digest authentication. This is an authentication scheme that prevents the password from being sent over the wire in clear text. Use this in combination with the normal \fI-u, --user\fP option to set user name and password. If this option is used several times, only the first one is used. See also \fI-u, --user\fP and \fI--proxy-digest\fP and \fI--anyauth\fP. This option overrides \fI--basic\fP and \fI--ntlm\fP and \fI--negotiate\fP. .IP "--disable-eprt" (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands when doing active FTP transfers. Curl will normally always first attempt to use EPRT, then LPRT before using PORT, but with this option, it will use PORT right away. EPRT and LPRT are extensions to the original FTP protocol, and may not work on all servers, but they enable more functionality in a better way than the traditional PORT command. --eprt can be used to explicitly enable EPRT again and --no-eprt is an alias for \fI--disable-eprt\fP. If the server is accessed using IPv6, this option will have no effect as EPRT is necessary then. Disabling EPRT only changes the active behavior. If you want to switch to passive mode you need to not use \fI-P, --ftp-port\fP or force it with \fI--ftp-pasv\fP. .IP "--disable-epsv" (FTP) (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPSV command when doing passive FTP transfers. Curl will normally always first attempt to use EPSV before PASV, but with this option, it will not try using EPSV. --epsv can be used to explicitly enable EPSV again and --no-epsv is an alias for \fI--disable-epsv\fP. If the server is an IPv6 host, this option will have no effect as EPSV is necessary then. Disabling EPSV only changes the passive behavior. If you want to switch to active mode you need to use \fI-P, --ftp-port\fP. .IP "-q, --disable" If used as the first parameter on the command line, the \fIcurlrc\fP config file will not be read and used. See the \fI-K, --config\fP for details on the default config file search path. .IP "--disallow-username-in-url" (HTTP) This tells curl to exit if passed a url containing a username. See also \fI--proto\fP. Added in 7.61.0. .IP "--dns-interface " (DNS) Tell curl to send outgoing DNS requests through . This option is a counterpart to \fI--interface\fP (which does not affect DNS). The supplied string must be an interface name (not an address). See also \fI--dns-ipv4-addr\fP and \fI--dns-ipv6-addr\fP. \fI--dns-interface\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0. .IP "--dns-ipv4-addr
" (DNS) Tell curl to bind to when making IPv4 DNS requests, so that the DNS requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv4 address. See also \fI--dns-interface\fP and \fI--dns-ipv6-addr\fP. \fI--dns-ipv4-addr\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0. .IP "--dns-ipv6-addr
" (DNS) Tell curl to bind to when making IPv6 DNS requests, so that the DNS requests originate from this address. The argument should be a single IPv6 address. See also \fI--dns-interface\fP and \fI--dns-ipv4-addr\fP. \fI--dns-ipv6-addr\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0. .IP "--dns-servers " Set the list of DNS servers to be used instead of the system default. The list of IP addresses should be separated with commas. Port numbers may also optionally be given as \fI:\fP after each IP address. \fI--dns-servers\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support c-ares. Added in 7.33.0. .IP "--doh-url " (all) Specifies which DNS-over-HTTPS (DOH) server to use to resolve hostnames, instead of using the default name resolver mechanism. The URL must be HTTPS. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "-D, --dump-header " (HTTP FTP) Write the received protocol headers to the specified file. This option is handy to use when you want to store the headers that an HTTP site sends to you. Cookies from the headers could then be read in a second curl invocation by using the \fI-b, --cookie\fP option! The \fI-c, --cookie-jar\fP option is a better way to store cookies. When used in FTP, the FTP server response lines are considered being "headers" and thus are saved there. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI-o, --output\fP. .IP "--egd-file " (TLS) Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering Daemon socket. The socket is used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. See also \fI--random-file\fP. .IP "--engine " (TLS) Select the OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher operations. Use \fI--engine\fP list to print a list of build-time supported engines. Note that not all (or none) of the engines may be available at run-time. .IP "--expect100-timeout " (HTTP) Maximum time in seconds that you allow curl to wait for a 100-continue response when curl emits an Expects: 100-continue header in its request. By default curl will wait one second. This option accepts decimal values! When curl stops waiting, it will continue as if the response has been received. See also \fI--connect-timeout\fP. Added in 7.47.0. .IP "--fail-early" Fail and exit on the first detected transfer error. When curl is used to do multiple transfers on the command line, it will attempt to operate on each given URL, one by one. By default, it will ignore errors if there are more URLs given and the last URL's success will determine the error code curl returns. So early failures will be "hidden" by subsequent successful transfers. Using this option, curl will instead return an error on the first transfer that fails, independent of the amount of URLs that are given on the command line. This way, no transfer failures go undetected by scripts and similar. This option is global and does not need to be specified for each use of \fI-:, --next\fP. This option does not imply \fI-f, --fail\fP, which causes transfers to fail due to the server's HTTP status code. You can combine the two options, however note \fI-f, --fail\fP is not global and is therefore contained by \fI-:, --next\fP. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "-f, --fail" (HTTP) Fail silently (no output at all) on server errors. This is mostly done to better enable scripts etc to better deal with failed attempts. In normal cases when an HTTP server fails to deliver a document, it returns an HTML document stating so (which often also describes why and more). This flag will prevent curl from outputting that and return error 22. This method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where non-successful response codes will slip through, especially when authentication is involved (response codes 401 and 407). .IP "--false-start" (TLS) Tells curl to use false start during the TLS handshake. False start is a mode where a TLS client will start sending application data before verifying the server's Finished message, thus saving a round trip when performing a full handshake. This is currently only implemented in the NSS and Secure Transport (on iOS 7.0 or later, or OS X 10.9 or later) backends. Added in 7.42.0. .IP "--form-string " (HTTP SMTP IMAP) Similar to \fI-F, --form\fP except that the value string for the named parameter is used literally. Leading \&'@' and \&'<' characters, and the \&';type=' string in the value have no special meaning. Use this in preference to \fI-F, --form\fP if there's any possibility that the string value may accidentally trigger the \&'@' or \&'<' features of \fI-F, --form\fP. See also \fI-F, --form\fP. .IP "-F, --form " (HTTP SMTP IMAP) For HTTP protocol family, this lets curl emulate a filled-in form in which a user has pressed the submit button. This causes curl to POST data using the Content-Type multipart/form-data according to RFC 2388. For SMTP and IMAP protocols, this is the mean to compose a multipart mail message to transmit. This enables uploading of binary files etc. To force the 'content' part to be a file, prefix the file name with an @ sign. To just get the content part from a file, prefix the file name with the symbol <. The difference between @ and < is then that @ makes a file get attached in the post as a file upload, while the < makes a text field and just get the contents for that text field from a file. Tell curl to read content from stdin instead of a file by using - as filename. This goes for both @ and < constructs. When stdin is used, the contents is buffered in memory first by curl to determine its size and allow a possible resend. Defining a part's data from a named non-regular file (such as a named pipe or similar) is unfortunately not subject to buffering and will be effectively read at transmission time; since the full size is unknown before the transfer starts, such data is sent as chunks by HTTP and rejected by IMAP. Example: send an image to an HTTP server, where \&'profile' is the name of the form-field to which the file portrait.jpg will be the input: curl -F profile=@portrait.jpg https://example.com/upload.cgi Example: send a your name and shoe size in two text fields to the server: curl -F name=John -F shoesize=11 https://example.com/ Example: send a your essay in a text field to the server. Send it as a plain text field, but get the contents for it from a local file: curl -F "story=HTML message;type=text/html' \\ .br -F '=)' -F '=@textfile.txt' ... smtp://example.com Data can be encoded for transfer using encoder=. Available encodings are \fIbinary\fP and \fI8bit\fP that do nothing else than adding the corresponding Content-Transfer-Encoding header, \fI7bit\fP that only rejects 8-bit characters with a transfer error, \fIquoted-printable\fP and \fIbase64\fP that encodes data according to the corresponding schemes, limiting lines length to 76 characters. Example: send multipart mail with a quoted-printable text message and a base64 attached file: curl -F '=text message;encoder=quoted-printable' \\ .br -F '=@localfile;encoder=base64' ... smtp://example.com See further examples and details in the MANUAL. This option can be used multiple times. This option overrides \fI-d, --data\fP and \fI-I, --head\fP and \fI-T, --upload-file\fP. .IP "--ftp-account " (FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after user name and password has been provided, this data is sent off using the ACCT command. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.13.0. .IP "--ftp-alternative-to-user " (FTP) If authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails, send this command. When connecting to Tumbleweed's Secure Transport server over FTPS using a client certificate, using "SITE AUTH" will tell the server to retrieve the username from the certificate. Added in 7.15.5. .IP "--ftp-create-dirs" (FTP SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses a path that doesn't currently exist on the server, the standard behavior of curl is to fail. Using this option, curl will instead attempt to create missing directories. See also \fI--create-dirs\fP. .IP "--ftp-method " (FTP) Control what method curl should use to reach a file on an FTP(S) server. The method argument should be one of the following alternatives: .RS .IP multicwd curl does a single CWD operation for each path part in the given URL. For deep hierarchies this means very many commands. This is how RFC 1738 says it should be done. This is the default but the slowest behavior. .IP nocwd curl does no CWD at all. curl will do SIZE, RETR, STOR etc and give a full path to the server for all these commands. This is the fastest behavior. .IP singlecwd curl does one CWD with the full target directory and then operates on the file \&"normally" (like in the multicwd case). This is somewhat more standards compliant than 'nocwd' but without the full penalty of 'multicwd'. .RE Added in 7.15.1. .IP "--ftp-pasv" (FTP) Use passive mode for the data connection. Passive is the internal default behavior, but using this option can be used to override a previous \fI-P, --ftp-port\fP option. If this option is used several times, only the first one is used. Undoing an enforced passive really isn't doable but you must then instead enforce the correct \fI-P, --ftp-port\fP again. Passive mode means that curl will try the EPSV command first and then PASV, unless \fI--disable-epsv\fP is used. See also \fI--disable-epsv\fP. Added in 7.11.0. .IP "-P, --ftp-port
" (FTP) Reverses the default initiator/listener roles when connecting with FTP. This option makes curl use active mode. curl then tells the server to connect back to the client's specified address and port, while passive mode asks the server to setup an IP address and port for it to connect to.
should be one of: .RS .IP interface e.g. "eth0" to specify which interface's IP address you want to use (Unix only) .IP "IP address" e.g. "192.168.10.1" to specify the exact IP address .IP "host name" e.g. "my.host.domain" to specify the machine .IP "-" make curl pick the same IP address that is already used for the control connection .RE If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Disable the use of PORT with \fI--ftp-pasv\fP. Disable the attempt to use the EPRT command instead of PORT by using \fI--disable-eprt\fP. EPRT is really PORT++. Since 7.19.5, you can append \&":[start]-[end]\&" to the right of the address, to tell curl what TCP port range to use. That means you specify a port range, from a lower to a higher number. A single number works as well, but do note that it increases the risk of failure since the port may not be available. See also \fI--ftp-pasv\fP and \fI--disable-eprt\fP. .IP "--ftp-pret" (FTP) Tell curl to send a PRET command before PASV (and EPSV). Certain FTP servers, mainly drftpd, require this non-standard command for directory listings as well as up and downloads in PASV mode. Added in 7.20.0. .IP "--ftp-skip-pasv-ip" (FTP) Tell curl to not use the IP address the server suggests in its response to curl's PASV command when curl connects the data connection. Instead curl will re-use the same IP address it already uses for the control connection. This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used instead of PASV. See also \fI--ftp-pasv\fP. Added in 7.14.2. .IP "--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode " (FTP) Sets the CCC mode. The passive mode will not initiate the shutdown, but instead wait for the server to do it, and will not reply to the shutdown from the server. The active mode initiates the shutdown and waits for a reply from the server. See also \fI--ftp-ssl-ccc\fP. Added in 7.16.2. .IP "--ftp-ssl-ccc" (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel) Shuts down the SSL/TLS layer after authenticating. The rest of the control channel communication will be unencrypted. This allows NAT routers to follow the FTP transaction. The default mode is passive. See also \fI--ssl\fP and \fI--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode\fP. Added in 7.16.1. .IP "--ftp-ssl-control" (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP login, clear for transfer. Allows secure authentication, but non-encrypted data transfers for efficiency. Fails the transfer if the server doesn't support SSL/TLS. Added in 7.16.0. .IP "-G, --get" When used, this option will make all data specified with \fI-d, --data\fP, \fI--data-binary\fP or \fI--data-urlencode\fP to be used in an HTTP GET request instead of the POST request that otherwise would be used. The data will be appended to the URL with a '?' separator. If used in combination with \fI-I, --head\fP, the POST data will instead be appended to the URL with a HEAD request. If this option is used several times, only the first one is used. This is because undoing a GET doesn't make sense, but you should then instead enforce the alternative method you prefer. .IP "-g, --globoff" This option switches off the "URL globbing parser". When you set this option, you can specify URLs that contain the letters {}[] without having them being interpreted by curl itself. Note that these letters are not normal legal URL contents but they should be encoded according to the URI standard. .IP "--happy-eyeballs-timeout-ms " Happy eyeballs is an algorithm that attempts to connect to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for dual-stack hosts, preferring IPv6 first for the number of milliseconds. If the IPv6 address cannot be connected to within that time then a connection attempt is made to the IPv4 address in parallel. The first connection to be established is the one that is used. The range of suggested useful values is limited. Happy Eyeballs RFC 6555 says "It is RECOMMENDED that connection attempts be paced 150-250 ms apart to balance human factors against network load." libcurl currently defaults to 200 ms. Firefox and Chrome currently default to 300 ms. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.59.0. .IP "--haproxy-protocol" (HTTP) Send a HAProxy PROXY protocol v1 header at the beginning of the connection. This is used by some load balancers and reverse proxies to indicate the client's true IP address and port. This option is primarily useful when sending test requests to a service that expects this header. Added in 7.60.0. .IP "-I, --head" (HTTP FTP FILE) Fetch the headers only! HTTP-servers feature the command HEAD which this uses to get nothing but the header of a document. When used on an FTP or FILE file, curl displays the file size and last modification time only. .IP "-H, --header
" (HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending HTTP to a server. You may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if you should add a custom header that has the same name as one of the internal ones curl would use, your externally set header will be used instead of the internal one. This allows you to make even trickier stuff than curl would normally do. You should not replace internally set headers without knowing perfectly well what you're doing. Remove an internal header by giving a replacement without content on the right side of the colon, as in: -H \&"Host:". If you send the custom header with no-value then its header must be terminated with a semicolon, such as \-H \&"X-Custom-Header;" to send "X-Custom-Header:". curl will make sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper end-of-line marker, you should thus \fBnot\fP add that as a part of the header content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they will only mess things up for you. Starting in 7.55.0, this option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header for each line in the input file. Using @- will make curl read the header file from stdin. See also the \fI-A, --user-agent\fP and \fI-e, --referer\fP options. Starting in 7.37.0, you need \fI--proxy-header\fP to send custom headers intended for a proxy. Example: curl -H "X-First-Name: Joe" http://example.com/ \fBWARNING\fP: headers set with this option will be set in all requests - even after redirects are followed, like when told with \fI-L, --location\fP. This can lead to the header being sent to other hosts than the original host, so sensitive headers should be used with caution combined with following redirects. This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers. .IP "-h, --help" Usage help. This lists all current command line options with a short description. .IP "--hostpubmd5 " (SFTP SCP) Pass a string containing 32 hexadecimal digits. The string should be the 128 bit MD5 checksum of the remote host's public key, curl will refuse the connection with the host unless the md5sums match. Added in 7.17.1. .IP "--http0.9" (HTTP) Tells curl to be fine with HTTP version 0.9 response. HTTP/0.9 is a completely headerless response and therefore you can also connect with this to non-HTTP servers and still get a response since curl will simply transparently downgrade - if allowed. A future curl version will deny continuing if the response isn't at least HTTP/1.0 unless this option is used. .IP "-0, --http1.0" (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 1.0 instead of using its internally preferred HTTP version. This option overrides \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI--http2\fP. .IP "--http1.1" (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 1.1. This option overrides \fI-0, --http1.0\fP and \fI--http2\fP. Added in 7.33.0. .IP "--http2-prior-knowledge" (HTTP) Tells curl to issue its non-TLS HTTP requests using HTTP/2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade. It requires prior knowledge that the server supports HTTP/2 straight away. HTTPS requests will still do HTTP/2 the standard way with negotiated protocol version in the TLS handshake. \fI--http2-prior-knowledge\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/2. This option overrides \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI-0, --http1.0\fP and \fI--http2\fP. Added in 7.49.0. .IP "--http2" (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP version 2. See also \fI--no-alpn\fP. \fI--http2\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support HTTP/2. This option overrides \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI-0, --http1.0\fP and \fI--http2-prior-knowledge\fP. Added in 7.33.0. .IP "--ignore-content-length" (FTP HTTP) For HTTP, Ignore the Content-Length header. This is particularly useful for servers running Apache 1.x, which will report incorrect Content-Length for files larger than 2 gigabytes. For FTP (since 7.46.0), skip the RETR command to figure out the size before downloading a file. .IP "-i, --include" Include the HTTP response headers in the output. The HTTP response headers can include things like server name, cookies, date of the document, HTTP version and more... To view the request headers, consider the \fI-v, --verbose\fP option. See also \fI-v, --verbose\fP. .IP "-k, --insecure" (TLS) By default, every SSL connection curl makes is verified to be secure. This option allows curl to proceed and operate even for server connections otherwise considered insecure. The server connection is verified by making sure the server's certificate contains the right name and verifies successfully using the cert store. See this online resource for further details: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html See also \fI--proxy-insecure\fP and \fI--cacert\fP. .IP "--interface " Perform an operation using a specified interface. You can enter interface name, IP address or host name. An example could look like: curl --interface eth0:1 https://www.example.com/ If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. On Linux it can be used to specify a VRF, but the binary needs to either have CAP_NET_RAW or to be run as root. More information about Linux VRF: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/vrf.txt See also \fI--dns-interface\fP. .IP "-4, --ipv4" This option tells curl to resolve names to IPv4 addresses only, and not for example try IPv6. See also \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI--http2\fP. This option overrides \fI-6, --ipv6\fP. .IP "-6, --ipv6" This option tells curl to resolve names to IPv6 addresses only, and not for example try IPv4. See also \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI--http2\fP. This option overrides \fI-4, --ipv4\fP. .IP "-j, --junk-session-cookies" (HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this option will make it discard all "session cookies". This will basically have the same effect as if a new session is started. Typical browsers always discard session cookies when they're closed down. See also \fI-b, --cookie\fP and \fI-c, --cookie-jar\fP. .IP "--keepalive-time " This option sets the time a connection needs to remain idle before sending keepalive probes and the time between individual keepalive probes. It is currently effective on operating systems offering the TCP_KEEPIDLE and TCP_KEEPINTVL socket options (meaning Linux, recent AIX, HP-UX and more). This option has no effect if \fI--no-keepalive\fP is used. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. If unspecified, the option defaults to 60 seconds. Added in 7.18.0. .IP "--key-type " (TLS) Private key file type. Specify which type your \fI--key\fP provided private key is. DER, PEM, and ENG are supported. If not specified, PEM is assumed. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--key " (TLS SSH) Private key file name. Allows you to provide your private key in this separate file. For SSH, if not specified, curl tries the following candidates in order: '~/.ssh/id_rsa', '~/.ssh/id_dsa', './id_rsa', './id_dsa'. If curl is built against OpenSSL library, and the engine pkcs11 is available, then a PKCS#11 URI (RFC 7512) can be used to specify a private key located in a PKCS#11 device. A string beginning with "pkcs11:" will be interpreted as a PKCS#11 URI. If a PKCS#11 URI is provided, then the \fI--engine\fP option will be set as "pkcs11" if none was provided and the \fI--key-type\fP option will be set as "ENG" if none was provided. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--krb " (FTP) Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must be entered and should be one of 'clear', 'safe', 'confidential', or 'private'. Should you use a level that is not one of these, 'private' will instead be used. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. \fI--krb\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support Kerberos. .IP "--libcurl " Append this option to any ordinary curl command line, and you will get a libcurl-using C source code written to the file that does the equivalent of what your command-line operation does! If this option is used several times, the last given file name will be used. Added in 7.16.1. .IP "--limit-rate " Specify the maximum transfer rate you want curl to use - for both downloads and uploads. This feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and you'd like your transfer not to use your entire bandwidth. To make it slower than it otherwise would be. The given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a suffix is appended. Appending 'k' or 'K' will count the number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes, while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G. If you also use the \fI-Y, --speed-limit\fP option, that option will take precedence and might cripple the rate-limiting slightly, to help keeping the speed-limit logic working. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "-l, --list-only" (FTP POP3) (FTP) When listing an FTP directory, this switch forces a name-only view. This is especially useful if the user wants to machine-parse the contents of an FTP directory since the normal directory view doesn't use a standard look or format. When used like this, the option causes a NLST command to be sent to the server instead of LIST. Note: Some FTP servers list only files in their response to NLST; they do not include sub-directories and symbolic links. (POP3) When retrieving a specific email from POP3, this switch forces a LIST command to be performed instead of RETR. This is particularly useful if the user wants to see if a specific message id exists on the server and what size it is. Note: When combined with \fI-X, --request\fP, this option can be used to send an UIDL command instead, so the user may use the email's unique identifier rather than it's message id to make the request. Added in 7.21.5. .IP "--local-port " Set a preferred single number or range (FROM-TO) of local port numbers to use for the connection(s). Note that port numbers by nature are a scarce resource that will be busy at times so setting this range to something too narrow might cause unnecessary connection setup failures. Added in 7.15.2. .IP "--location-trusted" (HTTP) Like \fI-L, --location\fP, but will allow sending the name + password to all hosts that the site may redirect to. This may or may not introduce a security breach if the site redirects you to a site to which you'll send your authentication info (which is plaintext in the case of HTTP Basic authentication). See also \fI-u, --user\fP. .IP "-L, --location" (HTTP) If the server reports that the requested page has moved to a different location (indicated with a Location: header and a 3XX response code), this option will make curl redo the request on the new place. If used together with \fI-i, --include\fP or \fI-I, --head\fP, headers from all requested pages will be shown. When authentication is used, curl only sends its credentials to the initial host. If a redirect takes curl to a different host, it won't be able to intercept the user+password. See also \fI--location-trusted\fP on how to change this. You can limit the amount of redirects to follow by using the \fI--max-redirs\fP option. When curl follows a redirect and the request is not a plain GET (for example POST or PUT), it will do the following request with a GET if the HTTP response was 301, 302, or 303. If the response code was any other 3xx code, curl will re-send the following request using the same unmodified method. You can tell curl to not change the non-GET request method to GET after a 30x response by using the dedicated options for that: \fI--post301\fP, \fI--post302\fP and \fI--post303\fP. .IP "--login-options " (IMAP POP3 SMTP) Specify the login options to use during server authentication. You can use the login options to specify protocol specific options that may be used during authentication. At present only IMAP, POP3 and SMTP support login options. For more information about the login options please see RFC 2384, RFC 5092 and IETF draft draft-earhart-url-smtp-00.txt If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.34.0. .IP "--mail-auth
" (SMTP) Specify a single address. This will be used to specify the authentication address (identity) of a submitted message that is being relayed to another server. See also \fI--mail-rcpt\fP and \fI--mail-from\fP. Added in 7.25.0. .IP "--mail-from
" (SMTP) Specify a single address that the given mail should get sent from. See also \fI--mail-rcpt\fP and \fI--mail-auth\fP. Added in 7.20.0. .IP "--mail-rcpt
" (SMTP) Specify a single address, user name or mailing list name. Repeat this option several times to send to multiple recipients. When performing a mail transfer, the recipient should specify a valid email address to send the mail to. When performing an address verification (VRFY command), the recipient should be specified as the user name or user name and domain (as per Section 3.5 of RFC5321). (Added in 7.34.0) When performing a mailing list expand (EXPN command), the recipient should be specified using the mailing list name, such as "Friends" or "London-Office". (Added in 7.34.0) Added in 7.20.0. .IP "-M, --manual" Manual. Display the huge help text. .IP "--max-filesize " Specify the maximum size (in bytes) of a file to download. If the file requested is larger than this value, the transfer will not start and curl will return with exit code 63. A size modifier may be used. For example, Appending 'k' or 'K' will count the number as kilobytes, 'm' or 'M' makes it megabytes, while 'g' or 'G' makes it gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G. (Added in 7.58.0) \fBNOTE:\fP The file size is not always known prior to download, and for such files this option has no effect even if the file transfer ends up being larger than this given limit. This concerns both FTP and HTTP transfers. See also \fI--limit-rate\fP. .IP "--max-redirs " (HTTP) Set maximum number of redirection-followings allowed. When \fI-L, --location\fP is used, is used to prevent curl from following redirections \&"in absurdum". By default, the limit is set to 50 redirections. Set this option to -1 to make it unlimited. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "-m, --max-time " Maximum time in seconds that you allow the whole operation to take. This is useful for preventing your batch jobs from hanging for hours due to slow networks or links going down. Since 7.32.0, this option accepts decimal values, but the actual timeout will decrease in accuracy as the specified timeout increases in decimal precision. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI--connect-timeout\fP. .IP "--metalink" This option can tell curl to parse and process a given URI as Metalink file (both version 3 and 4 (RFC 5854) are supported) and make use of the mirrors listed within for failover if there are errors (such as the file or server not being available). It will also verify the hash of the file after the download completes. The Metalink file itself is downloaded and processed in memory and not stored in the local file system. Example to use a remote Metalink file: curl --metalink http://www.example.com/example.metalink To use a Metalink file in the local file system, use FILE protocol (file://): curl --metalink file://example.metalink Please note that if FILE protocol is disabled, there is no way to use a local Metalink file at the time of this writing. Also note that if \fI--metalink\fP and \fI-i, --include\fP are used together, --include will be ignored. This is because including headers in the response will break Metalink parser and if the headers are included in the file described in Metalink file, hash check will fail. \fI--metalink\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support metalink. Added in 7.27.0. .IP "--negotiate" (HTTP) Enables Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication. This option requires a library built with GSS-API or SSPI support. Use \fI-V, --version\fP to see if your curl supports GSS-API/SSPI or SPNEGO. When using this option, you must also provide a fake \fI-u, --user\fP option to activate the authentication code properly. Sending a '-u :' is enough as the user name and password from the \fI-u, --user\fP option aren't actually used. If this option is used several times, only the first one is used. See also \fI--basic\fP and \fI--ntlm\fP and \fI--anyauth\fP and \fI--proxy-negotiate\fP. .IP "--netrc-file " This option is similar to \fI-n, --netrc\fP, except that you provide the path (absolute or relative) to the netrc file that curl should use. You can only specify one netrc file per invocation. If several \fI--netrc-file\fP options are provided, the last one will be used. It will abide by \fI--netrc-optional\fP if specified. This option overrides \fI-n, --netrc\fP. Added in 7.21.5. .IP "--netrc-optional" Very similar to \fI-n, --netrc\fP, but this option makes the .netrc usage \fBoptional\fP and not mandatory as the \fI-n, --netrc\fP option does. See also \fI--netrc-file\fP. This option overrides \fI-n, --netrc\fP. .IP "-n, --netrc" Makes curl scan the \fI.netrc\fP (\fI_netrc\fP on Windows) file in the user's home directory for login name and password. This is typically used for FTP on Unix. If used with HTTP, curl will enable user authentication. See \fInetrc(5)\fP \fIftp(1)\fP for details on the file format. Curl will not complain if that file doesn't have the right permissions (it should not be either world- or group-readable). The environment variable "HOME" is used to find the home directory. A quick and very simple example of how to setup a \fI.netrc\fP to allow curl to FTP to the machine host.domain.com with user name \&'myself' and password \&'secret' should look similar to: .B "machine host.domain.com login myself password secret" .IP "-:, --next" Tells curl to use a separate operation for the following URL and associated options. This allows you to send several URL requests, each with their own specific options, for example, such as different user names or custom requests for each. \fI-:, --next\fP will reset all local options and only global ones will have their values survive over to the operation following the \fI-:, --next\fP instruction. Global options include \fI-v, --verbose\fP, \fI--trace\fP, \fI--trace-ascii\fP and \fI--fail-early\fP. For example, you can do both a GET and a POST in a single command line: curl www1.example.com --next -d postthis www2.example.com Added in 7.36.0. .IP "--no-alpn" (HTTPS) Disable the ALPN TLS extension. ALPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with an SSL library that supports ALPN. ALPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions. See also \fI--no-npn\fP and \fI--http2\fP. \fI--no-alpn\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. Added in 7.36.0. .IP "-N, --no-buffer" Disables the buffering of the output stream. In normal work situations, curl will use a standard buffered output stream that will have the effect that it will output the data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when the data arrives. Using this option will disable that buffering. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --buffer to enforce the buffering. .IP "--no-keepalive" Disables the use of keepalive messages on the TCP connection. curl otherwise enables them by default. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --keepalive to enforce keepalive. .IP "--no-npn" (HTTPS) Disable the NPN TLS extension. NPN is enabled by default if libcurl was built with an SSL library that supports NPN. NPN is used by a libcurl that supports HTTP/2 to negotiate HTTP/2 support with the server during https sessions. See also \fI--no-alpn\fP and \fI--http2\fP. \fI--no-npn\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. Added in 7.36.0. .IP "--no-sessionid" (TLS) Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching. By default all transfers are done using the cache. Note that while nothing should ever get hurt by attempting to reuse SSL session-IDs, there seem to be broken SSL implementations in the wild that may require you to disable this in order for you to succeed. Note that this is the negated option name documented. You can thus use --sessionid to enforce session-ID caching. Added in 7.16.0. .IP "--noproxy " Comma-separated list of hosts which do not use a proxy, if one is specified. The only wildcard is a single * character, which matches all hosts, and effectively disables the proxy. Each name in this list is matched as either a domain which contains the hostname, or the hostname itself. For example, local.com would match local.com, local.com:80, and www.local.com, but not www.notlocal.com. Since 7.53.0, This option overrides the environment variables that disable the proxy. If there's an environment variable disabling a proxy, you can set noproxy list to \&"" to override it. Added in 7.19.4. .IP "--ntlm-wb" (HTTP) Enables NTLM much in the style \fI--ntlm\fP does, but hand over the authentication to the separate binary ntlmauth application that is executed when needed. See also \fI--ntlm\fP and \fI--proxy-ntlm\fP. .IP "--ntlm" (HTTP) Enables NTLM authentication. The NTLM authentication method was designed by Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers. It is a proprietary protocol, reverse-engineered by clever people and implemented in curl based on their efforts. This kind of behavior should not be endorsed, you should encourage everyone who uses NTLM to switch to a public and documented authentication method instead, such as Digest. If you want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then use \fI--proxy-ntlm\fP. If this option is used several times, only the first one is used. See also \fI--proxy-ntlm\fP. \fI--ntlm\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option overrides \fI--basic\fP and \fI--negotiate\fP and \fI--digest\fP and \fI--anyauth\fP. .IP "--oauth2-bearer " (IMAP POP3 SMTP) Specify the Bearer Token for OAUTH 2.0 server authentication. The Bearer Token is used in conjunction with the user name which can be specified as part of the \fI--url\fP or \fI-u, --user\fP options. The Bearer Token and user name are formatted according to RFC 6750. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "-o, --output " Write output to instead of stdout. If you are using {} or [] to fetch multiple documents, you can use '#' followed by a number in the specifier. That variable will be replaced with the current string for the URL being fetched. Like in: curl http://{one,two}.example.com -o "file_#1.txt" or use several variables like: curl http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com -o "#1_#2" You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. For example, if you specify two URLs on the same command line, you can use it like this: curl -o aa example.com -o bb example.net and the order of the -o options and the URLs doesn't matter, just that the first -o is for the first URL and so on, so the above command line can also be written as curl example.com example.net -o aa -o bb See also the \fI--create-dirs\fP option to create the local directories dynamically. Specifying the output as '-' (a single dash) will force the output to be done to stdout. See also \fI-O, --remote-name\fP and \fI--remote-name-all\fP and \fI-J, --remote-header-name\fP. .IP "--pass " (SSH TLS) Passphrase for the private key If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--path-as-is" Tell curl to not handle sequences of /../ or /./ in the given URL path. Normally curl will squash or merge them according to standards but with this option set you tell it not to do that. Added in 7.42.0. .IP "--pinnedpubkey " (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the peer. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by \'sha256//\' and separated by \';\' When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl will abort the connection before sending or receiving any data. PEM/DER support: 7.39.0: OpenSSL, GnuTLS and GSKit 7.43.0: NSS and wolfSSL/CyaSSL 7.47.0: mbedtls 7.49.0: PolarSSL sha256 support: 7.44.0: OpenSSL, GnuTLS, NSS and wolfSSL/CyaSSL. 7.47.0: mbedtls 7.49.0: PolarSSL Other SSL backends not supported. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--post301" (HTTP) Tells curl to respect RFC 7231/6.4.2 and not convert POST requests into GET requests when following a 301 redirection. The non-RFC behaviour is ubiquitous in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. However, a server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using \fI-L, --location\fP. See also \fI--post302\fP and \fI--post303\fP and \fI-L, --location\fP. Added in 7.17.1. .IP "--post302" (HTTP) Tells curl to respect RFC 7231/6.4.3 and not convert POST requests into GET requests when following a 302 redirection. The non-RFC behaviour is ubiquitous in web browsers, so curl does the conversion by default to maintain consistency. However, a server may require a POST to remain a POST after such a redirection. This option is meaningful only when using \fI-L, --location\fP. See also \fI--post301\fP and \fI--post303\fP and \fI-L, --location\fP. Added in 7.19.1. .IP "--post303" (HTTP) Tells curl to violate RFC 7231/6.4.4 and not convert POST requests into GET requests when following 303 redirections. A server may require a POST to remain a POST after a 303 redirection. This option is meaningful only when using \fI-L, --location\fP. See also \fI--post302\fP and \fI--post301\fP and \fI-L, --location\fP. Added in 7.26.0. .IP "--preproxy [protocol://]host[:port]" Use the specified SOCKS proxy before connecting to an HTTP or HTTPS \fI-x, --proxy\fP. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. Hence pre proxy. The pre proxy string should be specified with a protocol:// prefix to specify alternative proxy protocols. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or socks5h:// to request the specific SOCKS version to be used. No protocol specified will make curl default to SOCKS4. If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be 1080. User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "-#, --progress-bar" Make curl display transfer progress as a simple progress bar instead of the standard, more informational, meter. This progress bar draws a single line of '#' characters across the screen and shows a percentage if the transfer size is known. For transfers without a known size, there will be space ship (-=o=-) that moves back and forth but only while data is being transferred, with a set of flying hash sign symbols on top. .IP "--proto-default " Tells curl to use \fIprotocol\fP for any URL missing a scheme name. Example: curl --proto-default https ftp.mozilla.org An unknown or unsupported protocol causes error \fICURLE_UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL\fP (1). This option does not change the default proxy protocol (http). Without this option curl would make a guess based on the host, see \fI--url\fP for details. Added in 7.45.0. .IP "--proto-redir " Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use on redirect. Protocols denied by \fI--proto\fP are not overridden by this option. See --proto for how protocols are represented. Example, allow only HTTP and HTTPS on redirect: curl --proto-redir -all,http,https http://example.com By default curl will allow all protocols on redirect except several disabled for security reasons: Since 7.19.4 FILE and SCP are disabled, and since 7.40.0 SMB and SMBS are also disabled. Specifying \fIall\fP or \fI+all\fP enables all protocols on redirect, including those disabled for security. Added in 7.20.2. .IP "--proto " Tells curl to limit what protocols it may use in the transfer. Protocols are evaluated left to right, are comma separated, and are each a protocol name or 'all', optionally prefixed by zero or more modifiers. Available modifiers are: .RS .TP 3 .B + Permit this protocol in addition to protocols already permitted (this is the default if no modifier is used). .TP .B - Deny this protocol, removing it from the list of protocols already permitted. .TP .B = Permit only this protocol (ignoring the list already permitted), though subject to later modification by subsequent entries in the comma separated list. .RE .IP For example: .RS .TP 15 .B \fI--proto\fP -ftps uses the default protocols, but disables ftps .TP .B \fI--proto\fP -all,https,+http only enables http and https .TP .B \fI--proto\fP =http,https also only enables http and https .RE Unknown protocols produce a warning. This allows scripts to safely rely on being able to disable potentially dangerous protocols, without relying upon support for that protocol being built into curl to avoid an error. This option can be used multiple times, in which case the effect is the same as concatenating the protocols into one instance of the option. See also \fI--proto-redir\fP and \fI--proto-default\fP. Added in 7.20.2. .IP "--proxy-anyauth" Tells curl to pick a suitable authentication method when communicating with the given HTTP proxy. This might cause an extra request/response round-trip. See also \fI-x, --proxy\fP and \fI--proxy-basic\fP and \fI--proxy-digest\fP. Added in 7.13.2. .IP "--proxy-basic" Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use \fI--basic\fP for enabling HTTP Basic with a remote host. Basic is the default authentication method curl uses with proxies. See also \fI-x, --proxy\fP and \fI--proxy-anyauth\fP and \fI--proxy-digest\fP. .IP "--proxy-cacert " Same as \fI--cacert\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. See also \fI--proxy-capath\fP and \fI--cacert\fP and \fI--capath\fP and \fI-x, --proxy\fP. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-capath " Same as \fI--capath\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. See also \fI--proxy-cacert\fP and \fI-x, --proxy\fP and \fI--capath\fP. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-cert-type " Same as \fI--cert-type\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-cert " Same as \fI-E, --cert\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-ciphers " Same as \fI--ciphers\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-crlfile " Same as \fI--crlfile\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-digest" Tells curl to use HTTP Digest authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use \fI--digest\fP for enabling HTTP Digest with a remote host. See also \fI-x, --proxy\fP and \fI--proxy-anyauth\fP and \fI--proxy-basic\fP. .IP "--proxy-header
" (HTTP) Extra header to include in the request when sending HTTP to a proxy. You may specify any number of extra headers. This is the equivalent option to \fI-H, --header\fP but is for proxy communication only like in CONNECT requests when you want a separate header sent to the proxy to what is sent to the actual remote host. curl will make sure that each header you add/replace is sent with the proper end-of-line marker, you should thus \fBnot\fP add that as a part of the header content: do not add newlines or carriage returns, they will only mess things up for you. Headers specified with this option will not be included in requests that curl knows will not be sent to a proxy. Starting in 7.55.0, this option can take an argument in @filename style, which then adds a header for each line in the input file. Using @- will make curl read the header file from stdin. This option can be used multiple times to add/replace/remove multiple headers. Added in 7.37.0. .IP "--proxy-insecure" Same as \fI-k, --insecure\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-key-type " Same as \fI--key-type\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-key " Same as \fI--key\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. .IP "--proxy-negotiate" Tells curl to use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use \fI--negotiate\fP for enabling HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) with a remote host. See also \fI--proxy-anyauth\fP and \fI--proxy-basic\fP. Added in 7.17.1. .IP "--proxy-ntlm" Tells curl to use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating with the given proxy. Use \fI--ntlm\fP for enabling NTLM with a remote host. See also \fI--proxy-negotiate\fP and \fI--proxy-anyauth\fP. .IP "--proxy-pass " Same as \fI--pass\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-pinnedpubkey " (TLS) Tells curl to use the specified public key file (or hashes) to verify the proxy. This can be a path to a file which contains a single public key in PEM or DER format, or any number of base64 encoded sha256 hashes preceded by \'sha256//\' and separated by \';\' When negotiating a TLS or SSL connection, the server sends a certificate indicating its identity. A public key is extracted from this certificate and if it does not exactly match the public key provided to this option, curl will abort the connection before sending or receiving any data. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--proxy-service-name " This option allows you to change the service name for proxy negotiation. Added in 7.43.0. .IP "--proxy-ssl-allow-beast" Same as \fI--ssl-allow-beast\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-tls13-ciphers " (TLS) Specifies which cipher suites to use in the connection to your HTTPS proxy when it negotiates TLS 1.3. The list of ciphers suites must specify valid ciphers. Read up on TLS 1.3 cipher suite details on this URL: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/ssl-ciphers.html If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--proxy-tlsauthtype " Same as \fI--tlsauthtype\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-tlspassword " Same as \fI--tlspassword\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-tlsuser " Same as \fI--tlsuser\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--proxy-tlsv1" Same as \fI-1, --tlsv1\fP but used in HTTPS proxy context. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "-U, --proxy-user " Specify the user name and password to use for proxy authentication. If you use a Windows SSPI-enabled curl binary and do either Negotiate or NTLM authentication then you can tell curl to select the user name and password from your environment by specifying a single colon with this option: "-U :". If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "-x, --proxy [protocol://]host[:port]" Use the specified proxy. The proxy string can be specified with a protocol:// prefix. No protocol specified or http:// will be treated as HTTP proxy. Use socks4://, socks4a://, socks5:// or socks5h:// to request a specific SOCKS version to be used. (The protocol support was added in curl 7.21.7) HTTPS proxy support via https:// protocol prefix was added in 7.52.0 for OpenSSL, GnuTLS and NSS. Unrecognized and unsupported proxy protocols cause an error since 7.52.0. Prior versions may ignore the protocol and use http:// instead. If the port number is not specified in the proxy string, it is assumed to be 1080. This option overrides existing environment variables that set the proxy to use. If there's an environment variable setting a proxy, you can set proxy to \&"" to override it. All operations that are performed over an HTTP proxy will transparently be converted to HTTP. It means that certain protocol specific operations might not be available. This is not the case if you can tunnel through the proxy, as one with the \fI-p, --proxytunnel\fP option. User and password that might be provided in the proxy string are URL decoded by curl. This allows you to pass in special characters such as @ by using %40 or pass in a colon with %3a. The proxy host can be specified the exact same way as the proxy environment variables, including the protocol prefix (http://) and the embedded user + password. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--proxy1.0 " Use the specified HTTP 1.0 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. The only difference between this and the HTTP proxy option \fI-x, --proxy\fP, is that attempts to use CONNECT through the proxy will specify an HTTP 1.0 protocol instead of the default HTTP 1.1. .IP "-p, --proxytunnel" When an HTTP proxy is used \fI-x, --proxy\fP, this option will cause non-HTTP protocols to attempt to tunnel through the proxy instead of merely using it to do HTTP-like operations. The tunnel approach is made with the HTTP proxy CONNECT request and requires that the proxy allows direct connect to the remote port number curl wants to tunnel through to. To suppress proxy CONNECT response headers when curl is set to output headers use \fI--suppress-connect-headers\fP. See also \fI-x, --proxy\fP. .IP "--pubkey " (SFTP SCP) Public key file name. Allows you to provide your public key in this separate file. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. (As of 7.39.0, curl attempts to automatically extract the public key from the private key file, so passing this option is generally not required. Note that this public key extraction requires libcurl to be linked against a copy of libssh2 1.2.8 or higher that is itself linked against OpenSSL.) .IP "-Q, --quote" (FTP SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP or SFTP server. Quote commands are sent BEFORE the transfer takes place (just after the initial PWD command in an FTP transfer, to be exact). To make commands take place after a successful transfer, prefix them with a dash '-'. To make commands be sent after curl has changed the working directory, just before the transfer command(s), prefix the command with a '+' (this is only supported for FTP). You may specify any number of commands. If the server returns failure for one of the commands, the entire operation will be aborted. You must send syntactically correct FTP commands as RFC 959 defines to FTP servers, or one of the commands listed below to SFTP servers. This option can be used multiple times. When speaking to an FTP server, prefix the command with an asterisk (*) to make curl continue even if the command fails as by default curl will stop at first failure. SFTP is a binary protocol. Unlike for FTP, curl interprets SFTP quote commands itself before sending them to the server. File names may be quoted shell-style to embed spaces or special characters. Following is the list of all supported SFTP quote commands: .RS .IP "chgrp group file" The chgrp command sets the group ID of the file named by the file operand to the group ID specified by the group operand. The group operand is a decimal integer group ID. .IP "chmod mode file" The chmod command modifies the file mode bits of the specified file. The mode operand is an octal integer mode number. .IP "chown user file" The chown command sets the owner of the file named by the file operand to the user ID specified by the user operand. The user operand is a decimal integer user ID. .IP "ln source_file target_file" The ln and symlink commands create a symbolic link at the target_file location pointing to the source_file location. .IP "mkdir directory_name" The mkdir command creates the directory named by the directory_name operand. .IP "pwd" The pwd command returns the absolute pathname of the current working directory. .IP "rename source target" The rename command renames the file or directory named by the source operand to the destination path named by the target operand. .IP "rm file" The rm command removes the file specified by the file operand. .IP "rmdir directory" The rmdir command removes the directory entry specified by the directory operand, provided it is empty. .IP "symlink source_file target_file" See ln. .RE .IP "--random-file " Specify the path name to file containing what will be considered as random data. The data may be used to seed the random engine for SSL connections. See also the \fI--egd-file\fP option. .IP "-r, --range " (HTTP FTP SFTP FILE) Retrieve a byte range (i.e. a partial document) from an HTTP/1.1, FTP or SFTP server or a local FILE. Ranges can be specified in a number of ways. .RS .TP 10 .B 0-499 specifies the first 500 bytes .TP .B 500-999 specifies the second 500 bytes .TP .B -500 specifies the last 500 bytes .TP .B 9500- specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward .TP .B 0-0,-1 specifies the first and last byte only(*)(HTTP) .TP .B 100-199,500-599 specifies two separate 100-byte ranges(*) (HTTP) .RE .IP (*) = NOTE that this will cause the server to reply with a multipart response! Only digit characters (0-9) are valid in the 'start' and 'stop' fields of the \&'start-stop' range syntax. If a non-digit character is given in the range, the server's response will be unspecified, depending on the server's configuration. You should also be aware that many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this feature enabled, so that when you attempt to get a range, you'll instead get the whole document. FTP and SFTP range downloads only support the simple 'start-stop' syntax (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). FTP use depends on the extended FTP command SIZE. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--raw" (HTTP) When used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding of content or transfer encodings and instead makes them passed on unaltered, raw. Added in 7.16.2. .IP "-e, --referer " (HTTP) Sends the "Referrer Page" information to the HTTP server. This can also be set with the \fI-H, --header\fP flag of course. When used with \fI-L, --location\fP you can append ";auto" to the \fI-e, --referer\fP URL to make curl automatically set the previous URL when it follows a Location: header. The \&";auto" string can be used alone, even if you don't set an initial \fI-e, --referer\fP. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI-A, --user-agent\fP and \fI-H, --header\fP. .IP "-J, --remote-header-name" (HTTP) This option tells the \fI-O, --remote-name\fP option to use the server-specified Content-Disposition filename instead of extracting a filename from the URL. If the server specifies a file name and a file with that name already exists in the current working directory it will not be overwritten and an error will occur. If the server doesn't specify a file name then this option has no effect. There's no attempt to decode %-sequences (yet) in the provided file name, so this option may provide you with rather unexpected file names. \fBWARNING\fP: Exercise judicious use of this option, especially on Windows. A rogue server could send you the name of a DLL or other file that could possibly be loaded automatically by Windows or some third party software. .IP "--remote-name-all" This option changes the default action for all given URLs to be dealt with as if \fI-O, --remote-name\fP were used for each one. So if you want to disable that for a specific URL after \fI--remote-name-all\fP has been used, you must use "-o -" or --no-remote-name. Added in 7.19.0. .IP "-O, --remote-name" Write output to a local file named like the remote file we get. (Only the file part of the remote file is used, the path is cut off.) The file will be saved in the current working directory. If you want the file saved in a different directory, make sure you change the current working directory before invoking curl with this option. The remote file name to use for saving is extracted from the given URL, nothing else, and if it already exists it will be overwritten. If you want the server to be able to choose the file name refer to \fI-J, --remote-header-name\fP which can be used in addition to this option. If the server chooses a file name and that name already exists it will not be overwritten. There is no URL decoding done on the file name. If it has %20 or other URL encoded parts of the name, they will end up as-is as file name. You may use this option as many times as the number of URLs you have. .IP "-R, --remote-time" When used, this will make curl attempt to figure out the timestamp of the remote file, and if that is available make the local file get that same timestamp. .IP "--request-target" (HTTP) Tells curl to use an alternative "target" (path) instead of using the path as provided in the URL. Particularly useful when wanting to issue HTTP requests without leading slash or other data that doesn't follow the regular URL pattern, like "OPTIONS *". Added in 7.55.0. .IP "-X, --request " (HTTP) Specifies a custom request method to use when communicating with the HTTP server. The specified request method will be used instead of the method otherwise used (which defaults to GET). Read the HTTP 1.1 specification for details and explanations. Common additional HTTP requests include PUT and DELETE, but related technologies like WebDAV offers PROPFIND, COPY, MOVE and more. Normally you don't need this option. All sorts of GET, HEAD, POST and PUT requests are rather invoked by using dedicated command line options. This option only changes the actual word used in the HTTP request, it does not alter the way curl behaves. So for example if you want to make a proper HEAD request, using -X HEAD will not suffice. You need to use the \fI-I, --head\fP option. The method string you set with \fI-X, --request\fP will be used for all requests, which if you for example use \fI-L, --location\fP may cause unintended side-effects when curl doesn't change request method according to the HTTP 30x response codes - and similar. (FTP) Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of LIST when doing file lists with FTP. (POP3) Specifies a custom POP3 command to use instead of LIST or RETR. (Added in 7.26.0) (IMAP) Specifies a custom IMAP command to use instead of LIST. (Added in 7.30.0) (SMTP) Specifies a custom SMTP command to use instead of HELP or VRFY. (Added in 7.34.0) If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--resolve " Provide a custom address for a specific host and port pair. Using this, you can make the curl requests(s) use a specified address and prevent the otherwise normally resolved address to be used. Consider it a sort of /etc/hosts alternative provided on the command line. The port number should be the number used for the specific protocol the host will be used for. It means you need several entries if you want to provide address for the same host but different ports. By specifying '*' as host you can tell curl to resolve any host and specific port pair to the specified address. Wildcard is resolved last so any \fI--resolve\fP with a specific host and port will be used first. The provided address set by this option will be used even if \fI-4, --ipv4\fP or \fI-6, --ipv6\fP is set to make curl use another IP version. Support for providing the IP address within [brackets] was added in 7.57.0. Support for providing multiple IP addresses per entry was added in 7.59.0. Support for resolving with wildcard was added in 7.64.0. This option can be used many times to add many host names to resolve. Added in 7.21.3. .IP "--retry-connrefused" In addition to the other conditions, consider ECONNREFUSED as a transient error too for \fI--retry\fP. This option is used together with --retry. Added in 7.52.0. .IP "--retry-delay " Make curl sleep this amount of time before each retry when a transfer has failed with a transient error (it changes the default backoff time algorithm between retries). This option is only interesting if \fI--retry\fP is also used. Setting this delay to zero will make curl use the default backoff time. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.12.3. .IP "--retry-max-time " The retry timer is reset before the first transfer attempt. Retries will be done as usual (see \fI--retry\fP) as long as the timer hasn't reached this given limit. Notice that if the timer hasn't reached the limit, the request will be made and while performing, it may take longer than this given time period. To limit a single request\'s maximum time, use \fI-m, --max-time\fP. Set this option to zero to not timeout retries. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.12.3. .IP "--retry " If a transient error is returned when curl tries to perform a transfer, it will retry this number of times before giving up. Setting the number to 0 makes curl do no retries (which is the default). Transient error means either: a timeout, an FTP 4xx response code or an HTTP 408 or 5xx response code. When curl is about to retry a transfer, it will first wait one second and then for all forthcoming retries it will double the waiting time until it reaches 10 minutes which then will be the delay between the rest of the retries. By using \fI--retry-delay\fP you disable this exponential backoff algorithm. See also \fI--retry-max-time\fP to limit the total time allowed for retries. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.12.3. .IP "--sasl-ir" Enable initial response in SASL authentication. Added in 7.31.0. .IP "--service-name " This option allows you to change the service name for SPNEGO. Examples: \fI--negotiate\fP \fI--service-name\fP sockd would use sockd/server-name. Added in 7.43.0. .IP "-S, --show-error" When used with \fI-s, --silent\fP, it makes curl show an error message if it fails. .IP "-s, --silent" Silent or quiet mode. Don't show progress meter or error messages. Makes Curl mute. It will still output the data you ask for, potentially even to the terminal/stdout unless you redirect it. Use \fI-S, --show-error\fP in addition to this option to disable progress meter but still show error messages. See also \fI-v, --verbose\fP and \fI--stderr\fP. .IP "--socks4 " Use the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. This option overrides any previous use of \fI-x, --proxy\fP, as they are mutually exclusive. Since 7.21.7, this option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4 proxy with \fI-x, --proxy\fP using a socks4:// protocol prefix. Since 7.52.0, \fI--preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI-x, --proxy\fP is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.15.2. .IP "--socks4a " Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. This option overrides any previous use of \fI-x, --proxy\fP, as they are mutually exclusive. Since 7.21.7, this option is superfluous since you can specify a socks4a proxy with \fI-x, --proxy\fP using a socks4a:// protocol prefix. Since 7.52.0, \fI--preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI-x, --proxy\fP is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.18.0. .IP "--socks5-basic" Tells curl to use username/password authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The username/password authentication is enabled by default. Use \fI--socks5-gssapi\fP to force GSS-API authentication to SOCKS5 proxies. Added in 7.55.0. .IP "--socks5-gssapi-nec" As part of the GSS-API negotiation a protection mode is negotiated. RFC 1961 says in section 4.3/4.4 it should be protected, but the NEC reference implementation does not. The option \fI--socks5-gssapi-nec\fP allows the unprotected exchange of the protection mode negotiation. Added in 7.19.4. .IP "--socks5-gssapi-service " The default service name for a socks server is rcmd/server-fqdn. This option allows you to change it. Examples: \fI--socks5\fP proxy-name \fI--socks5-gssapi-service\fP sockd would use sockd/proxy-name \fI--socks5\fP proxy-name \fI--socks5-gssapi-service\fP sockd/real-name would use sockd/real-name for cases where the proxy-name does not match the principal name. Added in 7.19.4. .IP "--socks5-gssapi" Tells curl to use GSS-API authentication when connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy. The GSS-API authentication is enabled by default (if curl is compiled with GSS-API support). Use \fI--socks5-basic\fP to force username/password authentication to SOCKS5 proxies. Added in 7.55.0. .IP "--socks5-hostname " Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the host name). If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. This option overrides any previous use of \fI-x, --proxy\fP, as they are mutually exclusive. Since 7.21.7, this option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 hostname proxy with \fI-x, --proxy\fP using a socks5h:// protocol prefix. Since 7.52.0, \fI--preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI-x, --proxy\fP is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.18.0. .IP "--socks5 " Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy - but resolve the host name locally. If the port number is not specified, it is assumed at port 1080. This option overrides any previous use of \fI-x, --proxy\fP, as they are mutually exclusive. Since 7.21.7, this option is superfluous since you can specify a socks5 proxy with \fI-x, --proxy\fP using a socks5:// protocol prefix. Since 7.52.0, \fI--preproxy\fP can be used to specify a SOCKS proxy at the same time \fI-x, --proxy\fP is used with an HTTP/HTTPS proxy. In such a case curl first connects to the SOCKS proxy and then connects (through SOCKS) to the HTTP or HTTPS proxy. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. This option (as well as \fI--socks4\fP) does not work with IPV6, FTPS or LDAP. Added in 7.18.0. .IP "-Y, --speed-limit " If a download is slower than this given speed (in bytes per second) for speed-time seconds it gets aborted. speed-time is set with \fI-y, --speed-time\fP and is 30 if not set. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "-y, --speed-time " If a download is slower than speed-limit bytes per second during a speed-time period, the download gets aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit will be 1 unless set with \fI-Y, --speed-limit\fP. This option controls transfers and thus will not affect slow connects etc. If this is a concern for you, try the \fI--connect-timeout\fP option. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. .IP "--ssl-allow-beast" This option tells curl to not work around a security flaw in the SSL3 and TLS1.0 protocols known as BEAST. If this option isn't used, the SSL layer may use workarounds known to cause interoperability problems with some older SSL implementations. WARNING: this option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that. Added in 7.25.0. .IP "--ssl-no-revoke" (Schannel) This option tells curl to disable certificate revocation checks. WARNING: this option loosens the SSL security, and by using this flag you ask for exactly that. Added in 7.44.0. .IP "--ssl-reqd" (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP) Require SSL/TLS for the connection. Terminates the connection if the server doesn't support SSL/TLS. This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl-reqd. Added in 7.20.0. .IP "--ssl" (FTP IMAP POP3 SMTP) Try to use SSL/TLS for the connection. Reverts to a non-secure connection if the server doesn't support SSL/TLS. See also \fI--ftp-ssl-control\fP and \fI--ssl-reqd\fP for different levels of encryption required. This option was formerly known as --ftp-ssl (Added in 7.11.0). That option name can still be used but will be removed in a future version. Added in 7.20.0. .IP "-2, --sslv2" (SSL) Forces curl to use SSL version 2 when negotiating with a remote SSL server. Sometimes curl is built without SSLv2 support. SSLv2 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 6176). See also \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI--http2\fP. \fI-2, --sslv2\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option overrides \fI-3, --sslv3\fP and \fI-1, --tlsv1\fP and \fI--tlsv1.1\fP and \fI--tlsv1.2\fP. .IP "-3, --sslv3" (SSL) Forces curl to use SSL version 3 when negotiating with a remote SSL server. Sometimes curl is built without SSLv3 support. SSLv3 is widely considered insecure (see RFC 7568). See also \fI--http1.1\fP and \fI--http2\fP. \fI-3, --sslv3\fP requires that the underlying libcurl was built to support TLS. This option overrides \fI-2, --sslv2\fP and \fI-1, --tlsv1\fP and \fI--tlsv1.1\fP and \fI--tlsv1.2\fP. .IP "--stderr" Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file instead. If the file name is a plain '-', it is instead written to stdout. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. See also \fI-v, --verbose\fP and \fI-s, --silent\fP. .IP "--styled-output" Enables the automatic use of bold font styles when writing HTTP headers to the terminal. Use --no-styled-output to switch them off. Added in 7.61.0. .IP "--suppress-connect-headers" When \fI-p, --proxytunnel\fP is used and a CONNECT request is made don't output proxy CONNECT response headers. This option is meant to be used with \fI-D, --dump-header\fP or \fI-i, --include\fP which are used to show protocol headers in the output. It has no effect on debug options such as \fI-v, --verbose\fP or \fI--trace\fP, or any statistics. See also \fI-D, --dump-header\fP and \fI-i, --include\fP and \fI-p, --proxytunnel\fP. .IP "--tcp-fastopen" Enable use of TCP Fast Open (RFC7413). Added in 7.49.0. .IP "--tcp-nodelay" Turn on the TCP_NODELAY option. See the \fIcurl_easy_setopt(3)\fP man page for details about this option. Since 7.50.2, curl sets this option by default and you need to explicitly switch it off if you don't want it on. Added in 7.11.2. .IP "-t, --telnet-option " Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options are: TTYPE= Sets the terminal type. XDISPLOC= Sets the X display location. NEW_ENV= Sets an environment variable. .IP "--tftp-blksize " (TFTP) Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512). This is the block size that curl will try to use when transferring data to or from a TFTP server. By default 512 bytes will be used. If this option is used several times, the last one will be used. Added in 7.20.0. .IP "--tftp-no-options" (TFTP) Tells curl not to send TFTP options requests. This option improves interop with some legacy servers that do not acknowledge or properly implement TFTP options. When this option is used \fI--tftp-blksize\fP is ignored. Added in 7.48.0. .IP "-z, --time-cond