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.. image:: http://www.attrs.org/en/latest/_static/attrs_logo.png :alt: attrs Logo ====================================== ``attrs``: Classes Without Boilerplate ====================================== .. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/attrs/badge/?version=stable :target: http://www.attrs.org/en/stable/?badge=stable :alt: Documentation Status .. image:: https://travis-ci.org/python-attrs/attrs.svg?branch=master :target: https://travis-ci.org/python-attrs/attrs :alt: CI Status .. image:: https://codecov.io/github/python-attrs/attrs/branch/master/graph/badge.svg :target: https://codecov.io/github/python-attrs/attrs :alt: Test Coverage .. teaser-begin ``attrs`` is the Python package that will bring back the joy of writing classes by relieving you from the drudgery of implementing object protocols (aka `dunder <https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/200605/dunder.html>`_ methods). Its main goal is to help you to write concise and correct software without slowing down your code. .. -spiel-end- For that, it gives you a class decorator and a way to declaratively define the attributes on that class: .. -code-begin- .. code-block:: pycon >>> import attr >>> @attr.s ... class SomeClass(object): ... a_number = attr.ib(default=42) ... list_of_numbers = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(list)) ... ... def hard_math(self, another_number): ... return self.a_number + sum(self.list_of_numbers) * another_number >>> sc = SomeClass(1, [1, 2, 3]) >>> sc SomeClass(a_number=1, list_of_numbers=[1, 2, 3]) >>> sc.hard_math(3) 19 >>> sc == SomeClass(1, [1, 2, 3]) True >>> sc != SomeClass(2, [3, 2, 1]) True >>> attr.asdict(sc) {'a_number': 1, 'list_of_numbers': [1, 2, 3]} >>> SomeClass() SomeClass(a_number=42, list_of_numbers=[]) >>> C = attr.make_class("C", ["a", "b"]) >>> C("foo", "bar") C(a='foo', b='bar') After declaring your attributes ``attrs`` gives you: - a concise and explicit overview of the class's attributes, - a nice human-readable ``__repr__``, - a complete set of comparison methods, - an initializer, - and much more, without writing dull boilerplate code again and again and without runtime performance penalties. This gives you the power to use actual classes with actual types in your code instead of confusing ``tuple``\ s or `confusingly behaving <http://www.attrs.org/en/stable/why.html#namedtuples>`_ ``namedtuple``\ s. Which in turn encourages you to write small classes that do `one thing well <https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/talks/boundaries>`_. Never again violate the `single responsibility principle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle>`_ just because implementing ``__init__`` et al is a painful drag. .. -testimonials- Testimonials ============ Amber Hawkie Brown, Twisted Release Manager and Computer Owl: Writing a fully-functional class using attrs takes me less time than writing this testimonial. Glyph Lefkowitz, creator of `Twisted <https://twistedmatrix.com/>`_, `Automat <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Automat>`_, and other open source software, in `The One Python Library Everyone Needs <https://glyph.twistedmatrix.com/2016/08/attrs.html>`_: I’m looking forward to is being able to program in Python-with-attrs everywhere. It exerts a subtle, but positive, design influence in all the codebases I’ve see it used in. Kenneth Reitz, author of `requests <http://www.python-requests.org/>`_, Python Overlord at Heroku, `on paper no less <https://twitter.com/hynek/status/866817877650751488>`_: attrs—classes for humans. I like it. Łukasz Langa, prolific CPython core developer and Production Engineer at Facebook: I'm increasingly digging your attr.ocity. Good job! .. -end- .. -project-information- Getting Help ============ Please use the ``python-attrs`` tag on `StackOverflow <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/python-attrs>`_ to get help. Answering questions of your fellow developers is also great way to help the project! Project Information =================== ``attrs`` is released under the `MIT <https://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit/>`_ license, its documentation lives at `Read the Docs <http://www.attrs.org/>`_, the code on `GitHub <https://github.com/python-attrs/attrs>`_, and the latest release on `PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/attrs/>`_. It’s rigorously tested on Python 2.7, 3.4+, and PyPy. If you'd like to contribute you're most welcome and we've written `a little guide <http://www.attrs.org/en/latest/contributing.html>`_ to get you started!

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